ABSTRACT IMPACT: Disparities are multifactorial in etiology we seek to elucidate the effects of social determinants of health such as race on the outcomes of autologous flap reconstruction. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Immediate breast reconstruction has increased in recent years yet, racial and socioeconomic disparities in the receipt of postmastectomy breast reconstruction persist. We review the usage of autologous flaps for immediate breast reconstruction in a single institution with a diverse population to determine the effect of radiation on flap survival. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The database of a Southeastern tertiary referral center was queried for patients who received autologus flaps for immediate reconstruction following mastectomy. Patients were stratified based on whether they received no radiation (TRAM), neoadjuvant radiation (TRAM + Pre-XRT), or post-reconstruction radiation (TRAM + PMRT). So far, we have identified 91 patients (157 breasts) meeting inclusion criteria from 2006 to 2017. Patient demographics and outcomes were compared based on radiation status. The primary outcome (reconstructive success) was defined as breast reconstruction without flap loss. Comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and method of reconstruction were collected. Statistical analysis included t-tests, chi-square tests and logistic regression were appropriate using R. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: At the moment, we focus on outcomes of transverse rectus abdominus flaps and are adding information on 4 other flap-based methods. There were 68 in the solely TRAM group, 33 in TRAM+Pre-XRT and 56 in TRAM+PMRT with equivalent demographics between all groups for Age, Race and BMI (Table 1). In terms of race most patients self-identified as White (68%), followed by Black (24%) and Other (8%), p=0.172. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of tobacco use with the type of radiation used (p=0.007) with the PTRAM+ PMRT group having the highest percentage. When analyzing major and minor complications based on radiation received or reconstructive success there was no significant difference regardless of radiation treatment with the group overall achieving a 97.4% success rate (p=0.229). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Despite the known racial disparities in healthcare and the deleterious effects of radiation therapy on wound healing, there was no significant difference found in the incidence of major or minor complications in patients receiving neoadjuvant or post-reconstruction radiation therapy regardless of patient demographics.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is becoming a commonly applied technique in geomorphology. However, its use in the study of subglacial bedforms has yet to be fully explored and exploited. This paper presents the results of a GPR feasibility study conducted on a drumlinized terrain in Cumbria, UK, where five drumlins were investigated using multiple radar antenna frequencies. The site was selected for the presence of nearby bedrock outcrops, suggesting a shallow drumlinized diamict–bedrock contact and a permeable lithology. Despite the clayey sediment and unfavourable weather conditions, a considerable penetration depth of ~12 m was achieved when using a 50 MHz antenna, with a separation of 1 m, trace spacing of 1 m and 128-fold vertical stack. Results indicate that the drumlinized diamict is in direct erosional contact with the bedrock. While the internal drumlin geometry is generally chaotic on the stoss side, evidence of layering dipping downflow at an angle greater than the drumlin surface profile was found on the lee side. The inter-drumlin areas comprise ~4 m of infill sediment that masks part of the original drumlin profile. Overall, this study indicates that GPR can be deployed successfully in the study of glacial bedform sedimentary architecture.

Between the Revolution of 1848 and the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, imperial Austria experienced an extraordinary expansion of nationalism and of national conflict. German, Czech, Polish, Ukrainian, Italian, Slovene, and other national movements became major players and rivals, transforming public life in the process. This essay examines that process through a municipal lens. What was particular about the intersection of the national in imperial Austria with the municipal? How did municipal and national politics affect one another, and what can we understand, through their dynamics, about Austrian politics more generally?

We present the results of a light element abundance analysis of three solar-type main sequence (MS) dwarfs and three red giant branch (RGB) clump stars in the Hyades open cluster using high-resolution and high signal-to-noise spectroscopy. The CNO abundances of each group (MS or RGB) are in excellent star-to-star agreement and confirm that the giants have undergone first dredge-up mixing. The observed abundances are compared to predictions of a standard stellar model based on the Clemson-American University of Beirut (CAUB) stellar evolution code. The model reproduces the observed evolution of the N and O abundances, as well as the previously derived 12C/13C ratio, but it fails to predict the observed level of 12C depletion in the giants. More tellingly, the sum of the observed giant CNO abundances does not equal that of the dwarfs.

This article analyses the normative status of claims to the social rights of citizenship in the light of New Right criticisms of the welfare state. The article assesses whether there is any normative justification for treating welfare provision and citizenship as intrinsically linked. After outlining T. H. Marshall's conception of citizenship the article reviews its status in relation to: traditional arguments about citizenship of the polity; relativist arguments about the embedded place of citizenship within current societies; and, drawing upon Rawlsian analysis, absolutist arguments about what being a member of a modern society implies. Each argument has some strengths and together they indicate the importance of retaining the idea of citizenship at the centre of modern political debates about social and economic arrangements.