By deriving the Euler equations and Rankine–Hugoniot equations in the orthogonal frame field of the shock surface, the three-dimensional curved shock theory based on orthogonal frame of shock surface (3D-CST-boos) is established. In steady flow, this theory can be applied to three-dimensional (3-D) shocks without constraints on the incoming flow conditions. The derived equations elucidate the relationship between the first-order gradients of the preshock and postshock flow parameters and the geometric properties (curvature) of the 3-D curved shock. The correctness of 3D-CST-boos is verified for two-dimensional plane shocks and axisymmetric shocks. The analysis is then extended to the flow patterns of 3-D elliptical convex/concave shocks. Variations in the flow field behind a 3-D elliptical convex shock are explained based on different incoming flow conditions. Simultaneously, the fundamental mechanics underlying the differences between the flow fields of elliptical concave shocks and axisymmetric concave shocks are revealed using 3D-CST-boos. Finally, a concise analysis of the first-order flow parameters is presented for more complex 3-D shocks, including saddle-shaped shocks and cubic surface shocks.

To advance the understanding of how e-government resources drive e-participation, the current research conducts a meta-analysis on the relationship above from the perspective of citizen experience. This meta-analysis synthesizes 517 effect sizes from 126 empirical studies to examine how e-government resources influence citizens’ e-participation intention. The findings highlight several key variables that moderate this effect. Specifically: (1) From the perspective of the experience channel, e-government resources are more effective in facilitating citizen e-participation intention when delivered through social (vs. official) channels. (2) From the perspective of the experience affair, e-government resources exert a stronger impact on citizen e-participation intention when targeting specific (vs. general) public affairs and when focusing on regional (vs. national) government affairs. (3) From the perspective of the experience environment, the effect of e-government resources on e-participation intention is stronger in developing (vs. developed) countries. Based on these findings, this study offers implications for governments and researchers and suggests directions for future research.

This article examines the governance challenges of human genomic data sharing. The analysis builds upon the unique characteristics that distinguish genomic data from other forms of personal data, particularly its dual nature as both uniquely identifiable to individuals and inherently collective, reflecting familial and ethnic group characteristics. This duality informs a tripartite risk taxonomy: individual privacy violations, group-level harms, and bioterrorism threats. Examining regulatory frameworks in the European Union (EU) and China, the article demonstrates how current data protection mechanisms—primarily anonymisation and informed consent—prove inadequate for genomic data governance due to the impossibility of true anonymisation and the limitations of consent-based models in addressing the risks of such sharing. Drawing on the concept of “genomic contextualism,” the article proposes a nuanced framework that incorporates interest balancing, comprehensive data lifecycle management, and tailored technical safeguards. The objective is to protect individuals and underrepresented groups while maximising the scientific and clinical value of genomic data.

The stability of underwater bubbles is important to many natural phenomena and industrial applications. Since stability analyses are complex and influenced by numerous factors, they are often performed on a case-specific basis, with most being qualitative. In this work, we propose a unified and quantitative criterion for evaluating bubble stability by analysing its free energy. This criterion is broadly applicable across various bubble sizes (from nanometres to macroscale) and contact conditions (suspended, attached and trapped bubbles) on surfaces with diverse chemical (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and morphological (flat and structured solid surfaces) features. This criterion not only applies to the classical stable bubble mode, which depends on contact line pinning at the tips of surface structures, but also predicts a new mode where the synergy between the geometry and wettability of the sidewalls maintains the bubble’s stable state. The contact line can spontaneously adjust its position on the solid surface to maintain pressure balance, which enhances bubble adaptability to environmental changes. A geometric standard for solid surfaces supporting this new stable state is raised, following which we realise the optimisation of solid surface geometries to control the stability of gas bubbles. This work not only provides a universal framework for understanding underwater bubble stability, but also opens avenues for applications.

Aerothermal issues in hypersonic transitional swept shock wave/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs) are critical for the structural safety of high-speed vehicles but remain poorly understood. In this work, previously scarce, high-resolution heat transfer distributions of the hypersonic transitional swept SBLIs, are obtained from fast-responding temperature-sensitive paint (fast TSP) measurements. A series of $34^\circ$ compression ramps with sweep angles ranging from $0^\circ$ to $45^\circ$ are tested in a Mach 12.1 shock tunnel, with a unit Reynolds number of 3.0 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ m$^{-1}$. The fast TSP provides a global view of the three-dimensional aerothermal effects on the ramps, allowing in-depth analysis on the sweep effects and the symmetry of heat transfer. The time-averaged results reveal that the heat flux peak near reattachment shifts upstream with decreasing amplitude as the sweep angle increases, and a second peak emerges in the $45^\circ$ swept ramp due to a type V shock–shock interaction. Downstream of reattachment, the heat flux streaks induced by Görtler-like vortices weaken with increasing sweep angle, whereas their dominant projected wavelengths show little dependence on sweep angle or spanwise location. Away from the ramp’s leading side, the transition onset of the reattached boundary layer gradually approaches the reattachment point. Finally, a general quasi-conical aerothermal symmetry is identified upstream of reattachment, although spanwise variations in transition onset, shock–shock interaction and heat flux streaks are found to disrupt this symmetry downstream of reattachment with varying degrees.

The statistical relation of residual stress between averaged and filtered compressible flow, known as Reynolds stress in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation (RANS) and subgrid-scale (SGS) stress in a large eddy simulation (LES), serves a significant role in high-Reynolds-numbers wall-bounded turbulence modelling. However, existing residual stress relations are not universally applicable due to additional assumptions or variables not directly derived from compressible turbulence modelling. To establish an effective and accurate residual stress relation, a theoretical study accompanied by numerical verification has been carried out. By introducing a novel pair of average and filter operators with commutative properties, the statistical relations of residual stress for compressible flows are derived. Then, a realisation and verification of the stress relation is carried out within the finite volume method framework to facilitate the application of the proposed stress relation in engineering turbulence modelling. The reliability of the residual stress relation is confirmed using the compressible channel turbulence at various Mach numbers and compressible boundary layer flow. The stress relation formula effectively establishes the decomposition between Reynolds stress and subgrid-scale stress of the compressible flows. The proposed residual stress relation and filter operators may contribute to the compressible turbulence modelling, including the development of the wall model, SGS model and RANS/LES hybrid strategy for high-Reynolds-number turbulence modelling.

As international exploration of the Meso-Neoproterozoic continues, these layers have become a key target for deep oil and gas field exploration. The Ordos Basin exhibits considerable sedimentary thicknesses within the Meso-Neoproterozoic. However, significant hydrocarbon discoveries have not been forthcoming, primarily due to the complex tectonic evolution. This paper focuses on the southern Ordos Basin, utilizing logging-seismic calibration to interpret seismic data and elucidate Meso-Neoproterozoic tectonic features. By comparing ancient and modern tectonic patterns, based on palaeotectonic maps retrieved through the impression method and combining these with tectonic evolution profiles, the study clarifies the history of tectonic modification. Under the control of two fracture systems – basin-controlling fractures at the margin and trough-controlling fractures – the Changchengian exhibits two categories (single-fault and double-fault) and five sub-categories of fault depression combinations. The study highlights significant differences between ancient and modern tectonics in the Meso-Neoproterozoic, which are attributed to various tectonic stages, including the trough-uplift depositional differentiation stage during the early rift-late depression of the Changchengian, the basin-margin subsidence stage of the southwestern depression of the Jixianian, the uplift and denudation stage of the Sinian basin’s main body and the four-stage tectonic remodelling stage of differential uplift-subsidence in the Palaeoproterozoic. This study employs the ancient-present tectonic pattern as a point of departure, thereby enhancing the theoretical understanding of deep-seated tectonics in the Ordos Basin. It offers novel insights into the exploration of Meso-Neoproterozoic gas reservoirs from a tectonic remodelling perspective.

Ice shelves affect the stability of ice sheets by supporting the mass balance of ice upstream of the grounding line. Marine ice, formed from supercooled water freezing at the base of ice shelves, contributes to mass gain and affects ice dynamics. Direct measurements of marine ice thickness are rare due to the challenges of borehole drilling. Here we assume hydrostatic equilibrium to estimate marine ice distribution beneath the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS) using meteoric ice-thickness data obtained from radio-echo sounding collected during the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition between 2015 and 2019. This is the first mapping of marine ice beneath the AIS in nearly 20 years. Our new estimates of marine ice along two longitudinal bands beneath the northwest AIS are spatially consistent with earlier work but thicker. We also find a marine ice layer exceeding 30 m of thickness in the central ice shelf and patchy refreezing downstream of the grounding line. Thickness differences from prior results may indicate time-variation in basal melting and freezing patterns driven by polynya activity and coastal water intrusions masses under the ice shelf, highlighting that those changes in ice–ocean interaction are impacting ice-shelf stability.

We study how professional fund managers’ growth expectations affect their equity investments and the consequent effects on prices. Using novel data on China’s mutual fund managers’ growth expectations, we show that pessimistic managers decrease equity allocations and shift away from more cyclical stocks. We identify a statistically significant link between managers’ growth expectations and returns on the stocks that they hold and trade. We also find that an earnings-based measure of price informativeness is increasing in forecasting managers’ investment and forecast-consistent trading, implying that active fund managers in China help move stock prices closer to underlying fundamentals.