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6 results

  • 2 - Usage-Based Approaches to Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology

  • from Part I - Approaches to Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology
  • Edited by Mark Amengual, University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology
    Published online:
    14 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024, pp 44-64

  • Summary

    This chapter introduces chief postulates common to usage-based (UB) approaches to language. The UB approach maintains that speakers’ experiences with language shape how language is stored. Experiences with specific words and word combinations in particular linguistic, discursive, and social contexts accrue in memory and subsequently contribute to patterns of variability evident in speech productions. Usage-based approaches regularly consider independent effects on lexical representations of decontextualized prior probabilities (e.g. phone/word/bigram frequencies, type frequencies), and, increasingly, contextually informed counts (e.g. lexical items’ cumulative exposure to conditioning effects of the production contexts, phone/word probabilities) are considered. This chapter offers an overview of studies exploring the connection between usage patterns and bilingual sound systems as well as studies exploring evidence of interlingual influence arising from bilingual lexical storage (schematic ties in memory). The chapter suggests potential avenues for future UB research into bilingual phonetics and phonology.

  • 3 - Usage-Based Approaches to Spanish Linguistics

  • from Part I - Theories and Approaches to Spanish Linguistics
  • Edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin, Indiana University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics
    Published online:
    13 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 52-71

  • Summary

    This chapter presents an overview of usage-based approaches to Spanish Linguistics, principally with regards to phonology. After a brief discussion of precursors to usage-based approaches, the data and methods commonly employed within this framework are reviewed. Key constructs, central to usage-based approaches, are exemplified by means of a survey of usage-based research into variable /s/ realizations in multiple varieties of Spanish. Importantly, the role of usage patterns in shaping form and meaning in language is illustrated with evidence of effects of token frequency (word frequency), type frequency, and discourse context frequency on patterns of phonological variation. The research summarized supports the view of a lexicon able to track and store vast amounts of information regarding words’ instances of use. The nature and size of units of storage in memory, as well as the relationships between stored words and strings of words (schematic ties), in an exemplar model of lexical representation are considered.

  • Cumulative context effects and variant lexical representations: Word use and English final t/d deletion

  • William D. Raymond, Esther L. Brown, Alice F. Healy
  • Journal:
    Language Variation and Change / Volume 28 / Issue 2 / July 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 June 2016, pp. 175-202

  • Word production variability is widespread in speech, and rates of variant production correlate with many factors. Recent research suggests mental representation of both canonical word forms and distinct reduced variants, and that production and processing are sensitive to variant frequency. What factors lead to frequency-weighted variant representations? An experiment manipulated following context and word repetition for final t/d words in read, narrative English speech. Modeling the experimentally generated data statistically showed higher final-segment deletion in tokens followed by consonant-initial words, but no evidence of increased deletion with repetition, regardless of context. Deletion rates were also higher the greater a word's cumulative exposure to consonant contexts (measured from distributional statistics), but there was no effect of word frequency. Token effects are interpreted in terms of articulation processes. The type-level context effect is interpreted within exemplar and usage-based models of language to suggest that experiences with word variants in contexts register as frequency-weighted representations.

  • Grammatical relation probability: How usage patterns shape analogy

  • Esther L. Brown, Javier Rivas
  • Journal:
    Language Variation and Change / Volume 24 / Issue 3 / October 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 November 2012, pp. 317-341

  • It has been argued speakers' knowledge of the probabilities of certain phones, words, and syntactic structures affects language production (Bell, Brenier, Gregory, Girand, & Jurafsky, 2009; Tily, Gahl, Arnon, Snider, Kothari, & Bresnan, 2009). This study provides evidence for effects of grammatical relation probabilities by identifying significant effects on verb morphology in the Spanish presentative [haber ‘there (be)’+ NP] construction stemming from nouns with varying proportion of use in subject function. In addition to this novel type of probability (grammatical relation), we present calculations that are not context-dependent but cumulative, reflecting speakers' overall experience with these nouns in the grammar. We conduct variationist analyses on corpora of spoken Puerto Rican Spanish. Our results reveal that nouns with a high probability of subject function promote the analogical leveling of haber by increasing the likelihood of reanalysis of the object as subject of the construction. We interpret these results as suggesting speakers possess lexicalized knowledge of grammatical relation usage patterns.