Callery pear (Pyrus calleyana Decne.) is a problematic woody invasive plant in eastern North America that invades old fields, forests, and disturbed sites. While management guidance typically suggests foliar, basal bark, cut stump, and hack-and-squirt applications of herbicides for P. calleryana, there is a dearth of studies focusing on the efficacy of specific treatments. We evaluated seven herbicide treatments for control of midstory P. calleryana. Cut stump and hack and squirt applications of glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr and a soil application of hexazinone were repeated at six sites within Georgia, Kansas, and South Carolina, and all study trees were monitored for approximately one year after herbicide application. Cut stump applications of glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr provided the most consistent control with no resprouting and 100% mortality. Hack-and-squirt applications of glyphosate and triclopyr resulted in approximately 80% probability of mortality one year after treatment, while hack-and-squirt application of imazapyr and soil application of hexazinone averaged only 20 and 25% probability of mortality, respectively. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of seven treatment options for P. calleryana control in three geographic locations with varied habitat types, and our data suggest that cut stump applications of glyphosate, imazapyr, or triclopyr or hack-and-squirt application of glyphosate or triclopyr may be useful for reducing populations of P. calleryana. that have grown past the sapling stage.

Daniel James, a preeminent historian of the Argentine working class and Peronism, has fundamentally transformed how we understand Latin American labor history. This oral history interview, conducted by four of his former doctoral students, explores the personal, intellectual, and methodological foundations of his pioneering work. James discusses his working-class upbringing in post-war England as the son of Communist Party militants, his formative experiences at Oxford during the late 1960s, and his introduction to Argentina during the politically charged early 1970s. The conversation traces his evolution from the social history approach of Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class (1988) through his methodological innovations in oral history with Doña María’s Story (2000) to his recent collaborative work on photography and memory in Paisajes del pasado (2025). James reflects candidly on the influence of E. P. Thompson, Walter Benjamin, and the Latin American Labor History Workshop on his scholarship, while emphasizing the centrality of relationships, empathy, and historical imagination in his approach to working-class history. The interview also addresses his teaching philosophy, his commitment to graduate mentorship, and his view of history as a moral enterprise aimed at rescuing ordinary people “from the enormous condescension of posterity.” James concludes by outlining two prospective research projects on Argentine photography and political exile.

Planamandibulus nevadensis n. gen n. sp. is a newly discovered exceptionally preserved Laurentian phosphatocopid crustacean described from the upper Windfall Formation (Furongian, Stage 10) in Nevada. Planamandibulus nevadensis has closest affinity with the Baltic and Avalonian taxon Cyclotron. Its occurrence in sedimentary facies associated with dysoxia on the Laurentian paleocontinent fills in a gap in the global distribution of phosphatocopid crustaceans, facilitating a paleoenvironmental synthesis of this Cambrian group. We assess 75 taxa from nine paleocontinental areas spanning Cambrian stages 3 to 10 (~521–486.9 Ma). Comparison of these data with paleoclimate model simulations suggests that phosphatocopid distribution is explained partly by biogeography and ocean temperature patterns. Dabashanella species (e.g., D. hemicyclica Huo et al., 1983) are found across the low paleolatitude (<35°) paleocontinents of East Gondwanan (Australia), South China, and the central Asian terranes, spanning marine shelf carbonates to deeper marine black shale lithofacies, but are absent from mid- and high-paleolatitude sites, suggesting a warmer water preference. A similar warm-water preference is inferred for endemic taxa (e.g., Ulopsis, Parashergoldopsis) of East Gondwana, and perhaps for the newly described Laurentian Planamandibulus. By contrast, the mid- to high-paleolatitude paleocontinents Baltica and Avalonia are characterized by Veldotron, Cyclotron, Bidimorpha, Waldoria, Vestrogothia, Falites, and Trapezilites species, which occur in deep-shelf, cooler-water settings, typically below storm wave base. Hesslandona species sensu lato occur in mid-depth (likely above storm-wave base) warm tropical marine waters but are more typically found in deeper shelf and cooler waters in mid to high paleolatitudes. Phosphatocopids are also associated with sedimentary deposits characteristic of low environmental oxygen concentrations; this is emphasized by a peak in occurrences in the Guzhangian (Miaolingian) and Paibian (Furongian) stages, around the interval of the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) and its associated expansion of anoxic water masses onto shallow marine shelves. Our data compilation and data–model comparison support the environmental preference of phosphatocopids for low-oxygen, but not anoxic, water masses, and the new occurrence of Planamandibulus is consistent with this pattern.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/f136f8bf-1ccf-46b0-8980-b88be8f9603d

Over 15 million children in the United States have been infected with COVID-19; nearly 2,000 have died. Approval of COVID-19 vaccines for children enabled reductions in disease severity and mortality. Disparities in vaccine adoption exist along racial, ethnic, and rural–urban lines, with lower uptake among medically underserved populations (e.g. Black, non-Hispanic White rural populations) compared to urban White populations. This study examined efforts to recruit and engage a diverse cohort as part of a vaccine communication randomized trial conducted across 15 states and compared demographic characteristics of the enrolled cohort to the broader US population. To enhance recruitment of diverse populations, eligible clinics had to serve a significant proportion of medically underserved individuals based on race, ethnicity, or geographic location. Coordinators used both traditional (in-person daily clinic schedule review) and retrospective (EHR and billing data review) recruitment methods adapted to enrich engagement with focus populations. Demographic characteristics were compared to national statistics obtained from the CDC’s Household Pulse Survey. In total, 2999 parents/caregivers were screened; 725 were randomized (24.1%). Comparing enrolled subjects to the demographics of participating states, 17.3% vs 9.8% self-identified as Hispanic, 39.6% vs 13.0% as Black. Additionally, 34.3% self-described as living in a rural area. Of the 725 randomized, 512 (70.6%) completed the baseline survey. Of these 512, 422 (82.4%) also completed the final survey of the 24-week study. This analysis demonstrates the Institutional Development Award States Pediatric Clinical Trials Network can successfully recruit and engage populations from diverse and underrepresented populations in research.

Industrial upper limb exoskeletons offload the upper limb during overhead tasks to help prevent musculoskeletal disorders to the shoulder. Although numerous studies showed reduced shoulder muscle activity during upper limb exoskeleton use for overhead postures, it remains unknown whether and how upper limb exoskeletons provide support over a large shoulder workspace beyond overhead work. Therefore, this study evaluated the Ottobock Paexo Shoulder over a large shoulder workspace from overhead to hip height with shoulder abduction and adduction. Upper body kinematics, muscle activity, and subjective user feedback were obtained by three-dimensional motion capture, surface EMG, and questionnaires, respectively, and captured while participants performed static and dynamic work tasks with an electric screwdriver. Participants completed these tasks (1) without the exoskeleton, (2) with a disengaged exoskeleton, (3) with moderate exoskeleton support, and (4) with high exoskeleton support. Exoskeleton support reduced deltoid muscle activity (−9 to −24 s%, p ≤ .001) in postures with an abducted shoulder, including nonoverhead postures. Exoskeleton support modestly decreased shoulder flexion (−3 to −5°, p ≤ .001) and increased shoulder abduction (2 to 5°, p ≤ .032), but the movement patterns during the dynamic task were unaffected. Additionally, exoskeleton-related effects increased with increasing support, but the subjective perception of change also increased, and perceived comfort decreased. Our results indicate that the tested exoskeleton provides support beyond overhead work and that there is a trade-off between exoskeleton support and subjective perception. Accordingly, further optimization of user–exoskeleton interaction is warranted for long-term prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in overhead workers.

Diagnostic stewardship of urine cultures is a recognized tool for CAUTI prevention, yet few diagnostic algorithms have been validated. This study of a novel diagnostic CAUTI algorithm showed a significant and durable improvement in urine culturing, catheter exchange, and CAUTI rate, supporting this algorithm as an effective diagnostic stewardship tool.

Next-generation X-ray satellite telescopes such as XRISM, NewAthena and Lynx will enable observations of exotic astrophysical sources at unprecedented spectral and spatial resolution. Proper interpretation of these data demands that the accuracy of the models is at least within the uncertainty of the observations. One set of quantities that might not currently meet this requirement is transition energies of various astrophysically relevant ions. Current databases are populated with many untested theoretical calculations. Accurate laboratory benchmarks are required to better understand the coming data. We obtained laboratory spectra of X-ray lines from a silicon plasma at an average spectral resolving power of $\sim$7500 with a spherically bent crystal spectrometer on the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories. Many of the lines in the data are measured here for the first time. We report measurements of 53 transitions originating from the K-shells of He-like to B-like silicon in the energy range between $\sim$1795 and 1880 eV (6.6–6.9 Å). The lines were identified by qualitative comparison against a full synthetic spectrum calculated with ATOMIC. The average fractional uncertainty (uncertainty/energy) for all reported lines is ${\sim}5.4 \times 10^{-5}$. We compare the measured quantities against transition energies calculated with RATS and FAC as well as those reported in the NIST ASD and XSTAR’s uaDB. Average absolute differences relative to experimentally measured values are 0.20, 0.32, 0.17 and 0.38 eV, respectively. All calculations/databases show good agreement with the experimental values; NIST ASD shows the closest match overall.

For Stokes waves in finite depth within the neighbourhood of the Benjamin–Feir stability transition, there are two families of periodic waves, one modulationally unstable and the other stable. In this paper we show that these two families can be joined by a heteroclinic connection, which manifests in the fluid as a travelling front. By shifting the analysis to the setting of Whitham modulation theory, this front is in wavenumber and frequency space. An implication of this jump is that a permanent frequency downshift of the Stokes wave can occur in the absence of viscous effects. This argument, which is built on a sequence of asymptotic expansions of the phase dynamics, is confirmed via energetic arguments, with additional corroboration obtained by numerical simulations of a reduced model based on the Benney–Roskes equation.

Threat sensitivity, an individual difference construct reflecting variation in responsiveness to threats of various types, predicts physiological reactivity to aversive stimuli and shares heritable variance with anxiety disorders in adults. However, no research has been conducted yet with youth to examine the heritability of threat sensitivity or evaluate the role of genetic versus environmental influences in its relations with mental health problems. The current study addressed this gap by evaluating the psychometric properties of a measure of this construct, the 20-item Trait Fear scale (TF-20), and examining its phenotypic and genotypic correlations with different forms of psychopathology in a sample of 346 twin pairs (121 monozygotic), aged 9–14 years. Analyses revealed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the TF-20. Evidence was also found for its convergent and discriminant validity in terms of phenotypic and genotypic correlations with measures of fear-related psychopathology. By contrast, the TF-20’s associations with depressive conditions were largely attributable to environmental influences. Extending prior work with adults, current study findings provide support for threat sensitivity as a genetically-influenced liability for phobic fear disorders in youth.