This study suggests that the expectation of an individual about the outcome of their charitable donating can guide their action. Based on reciprocity theory and research, outcome expectation was dichotomized as altruistic versus egoistic, and an expectation-based psychological model of giving has been proposed. In this model, expectation leads to trust in charities, manifesting in strengthened engagement, which in its turn generates an increased amount of donations. In addition, social status moderates the effect of outcome expectation on charitable commitment. Overall, the proposed model was supported by the results of 530 responses of an online survey. Furthermore, social status moderated only the effect of egoistic expectation on charitable commitment. This indicated a stronger positive relationship between egoistic expectation and commitment for individuals of low social status than for those of high social status.

We examine how ambient temperature $T$ (23–90 $^\circ \mathrm{C}$) alters the dynamics of spark-induced cavitation bubbles across a range of discharge energies. As $T$ rises, the collapse of an isolated spherical bubble weakens monotonically, as quantified by the Rayleigh collapse factor, minimum volume and maximum collapse velocity. When the bubble is generated near a rigid wall, the same thermal attenuation is reflected in reduced jet speed and diminished migration. Most notably, at $T \gtrsim 70\,^\circ \text{C}$, we observe a previously unreported phenomenon: secondary cavitation nuclei appear adjacent to the primary bubble interface where the local pressure falls below the Blake threshold. The pressure reduction is produced by the over-expansion of the primary bubble itself, not by rarefaction waves as suggested in earlier work. Coalescence between these secondary nuclei and the parent bubble seeds pronounced surface wrinkles that intensify Rayleigh–Taylor instability and promote fission, providing an additional route for collapse strength attenuation. These findings clarify the inception mechanism of high-temperature cavitation and offer physical insight into erosion mitigation in heated liquids.

We study the dynamics of salt fingers in the regime of slow salinity diffusion (small inverse Lewis number) and strong stratification (large density ratio), focusing on regimes relevant to Earth’s oceans. Using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations in periodic domains, we show that salt fingers exhibit rich, multiscale dynamics in this regime, with vertically elongated fingers that are twisted into helical shapes at large scales by mean flows and disrupted at small scales by isotropic eddies. We use a multiscale asymptotic analysis to motivate a reduced set of partial differential equations that filters internal gravity waves and removes inertia from all parts of the momentum equation except for the Reynolds stress that drives the helical mean flow. When simulated numerically, the reduced equations capture the same dynamics and fluxes as the full equations in the appropriate regime. The reduced equations enforce zero helicity in all fluctuations about the mean flow, implying that the symmetry-breaking helical flow is generated spontaneously by strictly non-helical fluctuations.

Previous research has suggested bidirectional relations between depressive symptoms and both internal and external core beliefs (self-esteem and optimism, respectively) in adolescence. However, little work has examined the cultural commonality versus specificity of these developmental pathways in adolescence across diverse contexts. To address this gap, the current study traced bidirectional associations among depressive symptoms and two forms of core beliefs (self-esteem and optimism) in adolescents from 12 cultural groups in nine countries. Longitudinal data were collected from 1,090 adolescents at ages 15 and 17. Significant associations emerged between age 15 depressive symptoms and both age 17 core beliefs across all cultural groups except Sweden. No significant associations between age 15 core beliefs and age 17 depressive symptoms were found in the multigroup model. However, the pathways from core beliefs to depressive symptoms and from depressive symptoms to core beliefs did not significantly differ in strength. These findings provide cross-cultural evidence for the scar theory (depressive symptoms → core beliefs), but no clear support for the vulnerability theory (core beliefs → depressive symptoms), perhaps due to the measurement and stability of depression. These findings have implications for understanding the adolescent development of psychopathology and cognitions, such as core beliefs, across diverse cultures.

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious in humans, and in May 2021, an outbreak occurred in the Wanhua district of Taiwan. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we implemented various rules to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2- alpha in the hospital. This included establishing four special wards (dedicated care wards) specifically for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2-alpha. When patients were discharged, we conducted real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing on the terminal environment to ensure that SARS-CoV-2- alpha was not present. Maintaining a negative test result was crucial for preventing cross-infection and further outbreaks. The goal of this study was to identify effective intervention measures to improve the quality of terminal cleaning and achieving overall infection control in the hospital. Methods: After cleaning and disinfection of the dedicated care wards by the cleaning staff as per the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), we collected three swabs from different areas in one ward. We used Roche and GeneXpert instruments for COVID-19 RT-PCR testing. However, because the test results were not ideal, we introduced ultraviolet-C (UV-C) machines and a disinfectant solution containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into our current cleaning and disinfection procedures. Results: The negative test result ratios for RT-PCR testing were 80.13% when cleaning was done with bleach- only method as a disinfectant (without intervening with other methods); 92.81% when intervening with UV-cC machine disinfection for 5 minutes was done before bleach disinfection; 96.19% when bleach was replaced with a disinfectant solution containing H2O2 and intervening with UV-C disinfection. Conclusion: The quality of terminal cleaning and disinfection was a key factor in reducing nosocomial outbreaks. We could consider using UV-C machine and H2O2 disinfectant to intervene in the current bleach disinfection method to enhance the quality of terminal cleaning and disinfection in the hospital.

Introduction: To avoid Clostridium difficile infection in the healthcare facility is an important work. There were many methods to do in the C. difficile infection (CDI) reduction bundle, including cleaning and disinfection. After cleaning and disinfection, we can do an environmental examination to check whether it contains C.difficile or not. Traditional, we did the culture to check but it have to wait 24-48 hours. This method was so slow, so in this study, we try to use the molecular methodology to detect C.difficile. Methods: We collected the specimen after 16 hours when the cleaning and disinfection. Then we used the POCT real-time PCR((POCKIT central C.difficile, GeneReach Biotechnology Corp, Taiwan)) and culture agar to detect whether C.difficile is present or not. In this study, we collected 48 specimens from CDI patients’ environments when they transferred to another space or left. Results: We found all the POCT real-time PCR results were the same compared to the culture results. That’s to say, the POCT real-time PCR can replace the culture method and improve the term around time on the diagnosis of C.diffiicle. Conclusion: The molecular method could replace the traditional culture due to it was quick and precise. Patients can’t wait for the culture result in clinical, especially in the ICU. Once delayed, the mortality rate would arise. In other words, the POCKIT central C.difficile is useful in clinical. It can be used to detect whether C.difficile survives on the surface or not. However, due to the limitation of the sample count, the statistical significance was not complete. So we will collect the sample to finish this study.

Introduction: According to the recommendation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the bacteria count of airborne microbe must be under 1500 cfu/ m3. And as we know, the environment is the key factor of the airborne microbe. Traditional, we used air-conditioning to let the air circulate, but this method may be useful in other environments but is not suitable in hospitals. So, there were many new technologies to improve the quality of airborne microbe, just as UVC, plasma, and filtration. In this study, we used the UVC LED to examine the quality of airborne microbes in our meeting room of the emergency room. Material and method: We used the impaction method to collect the air for 10 minutes then gathered 1000L air to impact the Tryptone Soy Agar. After collection, we incubated at 37oC for 48 hours the check the bacteria count. So, we used this method to test the quality of airborne microbe before and after adding the UVC-LED (NKFG, Taiwan) to our air conditioner vent in the meeting room of the emergency room. Result: Before adding the UVC-LED, the average bacteria count in difference time was from 361 to 443, and after adding the UVC-LED, the average bacteria count in difference time was from 214 to 300, and the percentage of reducing count was from 24% to 40%. Conclusion: Due to this study, we though the UVC-LED could improve the quality of the airborne microbe. Otherwise, this technology would not use too much space because of the limitations of the environment.

Drought, salt and low-temperature stress significantly reduce the germination rate of cotton seeds. Additionally, the seed composition of seeds, including protein, oil and gossypol, are also closely linked to germination performance. This study assessed the seed composition of 120 cotton genotypes and their ability to germinate under drought, salt, and low-temperature stress, and compared with under standard conditions (control). Stress resistance during the germination stage was comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), which categorized the genotypes into three groups: 35 high-stress tolerance, 74 medium-stress tolerance and 11 medium sensitivity. Subordinate function analysis revealed that the comprehensive resistance D values of the 120 genotypes ranged from 0.20 to 1.12. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between seed oil content and germination under drought and salt stress (R = −0.27** and R = −0.24**). Additionally, germination under drought and salt stress were positively correlated (R = 0.58***). SNP_A07_90682411-based Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers identified that AA-type genotypes had significantly higher D values for comprehensive stress tolerance, drought resistance and salt resistance at the germination stage compared to GG-type genotypes (P = 0.0003, P = 0.010, and P = 0.0004, respectively). This study identified highly resistant and sensitive genotypes to various abiotic stresses, during germination and demonstrated that the ability of the newly developed KASP molecular markers effectively differentiate comprehensive germination performance under stress. These findings provide valuable references for understanding stress tolerance mechanisms during germination and breeding stress-tolerant cotton varieties.

We present the flexible delivery of picosecond laser pulses with up to 20 W average power over a 3-m-long sample of anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) for laser-micromachining applications. Our experiments highlight the importance of optical-mode purity of the AR-HCF for manufacturing precision. We demonstrate that compared with an AR-HCF sample with a capillary to core (d/D) ratio of approximately 0.5, the AR-HCF with a d/D ratio of approximately 0.68 exhibits better capability of high-order-mode suppression, giving rise to improved micromachining quality. Moreover, the AR-HCF delivery system exhibits better pointing stability and setup flexibility than the free-space beam delivery system. These results pave the way to practical applications of AR-HCF in developing advanced equipment for ultrafast laser micromachining.

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in noble gases driven by femtosecond lasers is currently a feasible solution to obtain ultrafast pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range. Implementation of high-flux EUV sources requires driving HHG using an ultrafast laser source in the visible wavelength range with MHz repetition rate. In this paper, we employ a multi-pass cell followed by chirped mirrors to compress 1-MHz, 200-W, 300-fs pulses at 1.03 μm to a duration of 35 fs. The resulting 186-W compressed pulses are focused onto 0.5-mm thick beta barium borate crystal to drive second-harmonic generation and produce positively chirped pulses at 520 nm. These green pulses are de-chirped to 26 fs in duration with an average power of 64 W, which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the highest average power of green pulses with a duration below 100 fs.

We conducted an analysis of a nationwide survey of US physician offices between 2016 and 2019 and calculated annualized prevalence rates of urinary tract infections (UTIs). During the 3-year study period, UTI was the most common infection in US physician offices, accounting for approximately 10 million annualized encounters.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) shows spatiotemporal heterogeneity in China. A spatiotemporal filtering model was constructed and applied to HFMD data to explore the underlying spatiotemporal structure of the disease and determine the impact of different spatiotemporal weight matrices on the results. HFMD cases and covariate data in East China were collected between 2009 and 2015. The different spatiotemporal weight matrices formed by Rook, K-nearest neighbour (KNN; K = 1), distance, and second-order spatial weight matrices (SO-SWM) with first-order temporal weight matrices in contemporaneous and lagged forms were decomposed, and spatiotemporal filtering model was constructed by selecting eigenvectors according to MC and the AIC. We used MI, standard deviation of the regression coefficients, and five indices (AIC, BIC, DIC, R2, and MSE) to compare the spatiotemporal filtering model with a Bayesian spatiotemporal model. The eigenvectors effectively removed spatial correlation in the model residuals (Moran’s I < 0.2, p > 0.05). The Bayesian spatiotemporal model’s Rook weight matrix outperformed others. The spatiotemporal filtering model with SO-SWM was superior, as shown by lower AIC (92,029.60), BIC (92,681.20), and MSE (418,022.7) values, and higher R2 (0.56) value. All spatiotemporal contemporaneous structures outperformed the lagged structures. Additionally, eigenvector maps from the Rook and SO-SWM closely resembled incidence patterns of HFMD.

Objectives/Goals: Sexual minority populations (SMPs), including lesbian, gay, and bisexual groups, disproportionately encounter discriminatory experiences due to bi/homonegativity and systemic inequities across various social domains. We aim to understand how the neighborhood-level stressors and resilience sources differed across specific groups in SMPs. Methods/Study Population: Utilizing the NIH All of Us’ cloud-based platform, we selected cohorts self-identifying as gay (n  =  9,454), bisexual (n  =  15,284), lesbian (n = 5267), or straight (n  =  349,748). We explored multiple key measures of neighborhood-level stressors (e.g., neighborhood disorder, neighborhood cohesion, and environment index) and resilience sources (e.g., neighbor cohesion, social support), and other factors (e.g., food insecurity, housing insecurity, and housing instability) by their sexual orientations using analysis of variance or Chi-square analyses. Results/Anticipated Results: Our sample comprised 60.8% females and 37.5% males identifying as non-binary or transgender, with an average age of 55.6 years (SD  =  17.1). The racial composition was 56.0% White, 19.4% Black, 18.7% Hispanic, and 5.9% others (e.g., Asian, multiracial). Compared to straight individuals, SMPs reported high neighborhood stressors (e.g., disorder, worse environment) but lower neighborhood-level resilience sources (e.g., social support, cohesion). In addition, bisexual groups reported highest prevalence of housing insecurity (6.7% vs. 2.3%), housing instability (36.0% vs. 19.6%), and food insecurity (26.57% vs. 12.21%). Discussion/Significance of Impact: SMPs, particularly bisexual individuals, face greater neighborhood stressors and fewer resilience sources than their straight counterparts. These findings call for targeted interventions to address these disparities and promote health equity, using large-scale datasets to inform community-based solutions.

Objectives/Goals: Discriminatory experiences within healthcare settings significantly hinder equitable health access for sexual minority groups (SMPs) in the USA. These discriminatory experiences can manifest in various forms (e.g., refusal of care). We aimed to explore different types of discrimination encountered by SMPs in the healthcare settings. Methods/Study Population: This study utilized secondary data from the NIH All of Us Research Program. For this analysis, we selected cohorts self-identifying as gay (n  =  9,454), bisexual (n  =  15,284), lesbian (n  =  5,267), and straight (n  =  349,748), enabling robust comparisons across SMPs and straight individuals. We employed analysis of variance and Chi-square analyses to assess group differences in healthcare discrimination, using key indicators from the Discrimination in Medical Settings Scale. These indicators captured experiences such as being treated with less respect or courtesy and feeling ignored by healthcare providers, providing a comprehensive view of discriminatory encounters in healthcare settings for SMPs. Results/Anticipated Results: Our analyses revealed that bisexual individuals reported the highest levels of healthcare discrimination (mean  =  3.64, SD  =  2.45), followed by lesbians (mean  =  3.37, SD  =  2.47), other SMPs (mean  =  3.36, SD  =  2.53), gay (mean  =  2.69, SD  =  2.47), and straight participants (mean  =  2.60, SD  =  2.42). Among the seven discrimination indicators, the most reported experience was feeling like a doctor or nurse was not listening, with 76.8% of bisexual participants, 72.3% of lesbians, 68.8% of other SMPs, and 56.9% of gay participants reporting this experience. This was followed by reports of being treated with less respect and being treated with less courtesy in healthcare settings. These findings highlight the pervasive nature of healthcare discrimination among SMPs, particularly bisexual individuals. Discussion/Significance of Impact: SMPs experience higher levels of discrimination in healthcare settings compared to their straight counterparts. Our results underscore the urgent need to foster respectful, inclusive healthcare environments and ensure that healthcare providers are adequately trained to address the unique health needs and experiences of SMPs.

Objectives/Goals: Sexual minority populations report a disproportionately high prevalence of alcohol use, often attributed to coping with bi/homonegativity and systemic inequities across various social domains. This study aims to explore alcohol use patterns and associated neighborhood and individual factors among sexual minority populations (SMPs) using data from the NIH All of US dataset. Methods/Study Population: Alcohol use was assessed using the AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption) scale across a sample of 9,454 gay, 15,284 bisexual, 5,267 lesbian, and 349,748 straight participants. The AUDIT-C measured hazardous alcohol use, and logistic regression models were employed to examine its association with neighborhood-level factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, alcohol outlet density) and individual-level factors (e.g., age, race/ethnicity, income, and education) among SMPs. Interaction terms assessed how these relationships varied by sexual orientation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the findings, including stratified analyses by gender identity and the exclusion of extreme outliers in alcohol use reporting. Results/Anticipated Results: Our analyses revealed that gay participants had the highest AUDIT-C scores (mean  =  3.60, SD  =  2.27), followed by bisexual (mean  =  3.35, SD  =  2.21), other SMPs (mean  =  3.18, SD  =  2.19), lesbian (mean  =  3.04, SD  =  2.08), and straight individuals (mean  =  3.05, SD  =  2.06). Alcohol use was positively associated with neighborhood disorder (β  =  0.12, 95% CI  =  0.07, 0.17), housing insecurity (β  =  0.14, 95% CI  =  0.03, 0.25), and male gender (β  =  0.98, 95% CI  =  0.96, 1.00). In contrast, neighborhood density (β  =  -0.11, 95% CI  =  -0.15, -0.07), food insecurity (β  =  -0.14, 95% CI  =  -0.20, -0.08), being Black, and identifying as bisexual were negatively associated with alcohol use. Sensitivity analyses determined no significant differences among specfic supgroups. Discussion/Significance of Impact: This study highlights important differences in alcohol use across SMPs and emphasizes the influence of neighborhood-level stressors (e.g., disorder and housing insecurity). These findings underscore the need for addressing social and environmental determinants of alcohol use in SMPs to mitigate the negative impacts of alcohol consumption.

Accurate characterization of high-power laser parameters, especially the near-field and far-field distributions, is crucial for inertial confinement fusion experiments. In this paper, we propose a method for computationally reconstructing the complex amplitude of high-power laser beams using modified coherent modulation imaging. This method has the advantage of being able to simultaneously calculate both the near-field (intensity and wavefront/phase) and far-field (focal-spot) distributions using the reconstructed complex amplitude. More importantly, the focal-spot distributions at different focal planes can also be calculated. To verify the feasibility, the complex amplitude optical field of the high-power pulsed laser was measured after static aberrations calibration. Experimental results also indicate that the near-field wavefront resolution of this method is higher than that of the Hartmann measurement. In addition, the far-field focal spot exhibits a higher dynamic range (176 dB) than that of traditional direct imaging (62 dB).

Let $\{\omega _n\}_{n\geq 1}$ be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables on a probability space $(\Omega , \mathcal {F}, \mathbb {P})$, each uniformly distributed on the unit circle $\mathbb {T}$, and let $\ell _n=cn^{-\tau }$ for some $c>0$ and $0<\tau <1$. Let $I_{n}=(\omega _n,\omega _n+\ell _n)$ be the random interval with left endpoint $\omega _n$ and length $\ell _n$. We study the asymptotic property of the covering time $N_n(x)=\sharp \{1\leq k\leq n: x\in I_k\}$ for each $x\in \mathbb {T}$. We prove the quenched central limit theorem for the covering time, that is, $\mathbb {P}$-almost surely,

$$ \begin{align*}\frac{N_n(x)-\mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}}(N_n(x))}{\sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^n \ell_k(1-\ell_k)}}\end{align*} $$

converges in law to the standard normal distribution.