Numerous oligochaete cocoons, previously interpreted as cladoceran crustaceans, are described from the upper Permian (Lopingian) freshwater Karaungir Lagerstätte in eastern Kazakhstan. The cocoons appear as small, wrinkled, ovoid capsules, prolonged into a neck at one pole and a long slender stalk at the other; both extensions are covered with minute ridges forming a striated pattern. By their size range and distinct (although limited) morphological features, the cocoons are identical to those of the extant freshwater genus Rhynchelmis Hoffmeister, 1843 (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculidae) and thus represent the oldest undoubted record of the Clitellata. We interpret Archedaphnia Smirnov, 1970 (= Propleuroxus Smirnov, 1970, n. syn.) as a genus for fossil microdrile oligochaete cocoons similar to those of Rhynchelmis, and synonymize all five species described in Archedaphnia and Propleuroxus under Archedaphnia kazakhstanica Smirnov, 1970 sensu lato.

This study longitudinally examined associations between parent and peer relationships, childhood maltreatment, and adolescents’ psychopathology. We expected lower perceived parental relationship quality to predict greater symptomatology and higher perceived friendship quality to buffer this association, with greater buffering effects for maltreated participants. We assessed 545 participants (295 maltreated, 250 non-maltreated; 60.2% male; 52.8% Black, 27.5% White, 12.8% Bi-racial, 13.4% Latin@) across two timepoints (Wave 1, Mage = 13.8 years, Wave 2, Mage = 16.2 years). Department of Human Services records indicated maltreatment status prior to Wave 1. Adolescents self-reported Wave 1 parental relationship and friendship quality and Wave 2 internalizing/externalizing symptoms. Parental relationship quality did not predict psychopathology, and this association did not differ by maltreatment status. We found a significant three-way interaction between maternal relationship quality, maltreatment, and friendship quality on internalizing (β = .10, p = .037) and externalizing (β = .12, p = .010) symptoms. For non-maltreated adolescents, parental relationships and friendship quality differentially predicted symptomatology. Maltreated adolescents with low maternal relationship and friendship quality exhibited the most symptoms, whereas those with low maternal relationship quality and high friendship quality exhibited the least. Findings invite inquiry into parent and peer relationships’ differential roles in adolescents’ psychopathology.

Depression, a leading cause of global disability, arises from a multifaceted combination of genetic and environmental components. This study explores the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) polygenic scores (PGS), characteristics and symptoms of depression, and community-shared socioeconomic factors derived from postal code data in a cohort of 12,646 individuals from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (AGDS). Our findings reveal that people living in areas with relatively higher socioeconomic advantages and education/occupation scores are more likely to report experiencing fewer depressive symptoms during their worst depressive period, as well as fewer number of lifetime episodes. Additionally, participants who reported depression onset later in life tend to currently reside in wealthier areas. Interestingly, no significant interaction between genetic and socioeconomic factors was observed, suggesting their independent contribution to depression outcomes. This research underscores the importance of integrating socioeconomic factors into psychiatric evaluation and care, and points to the critical role of public policy in addressing mental health disparities driven by socioeconomic factors. Future research should aim to further elucidate the causal relationships within these associations and explore the potential for integrated genetic and socioeconomic approaches in mental health interventions.

One of the most devastating and costly consequences of CM is that it persists across generations. Yet, we know little about whether there is intergenerational continuity of diverse dimensions of CM exposure (e.g., chronicity, multi-subtype) or unique patterns of exposure. This is a critical gap, given evidence that different forms of CM confer unique consequences. To enhance our understanding of intergenerational continuity of CM, the current study applied a multidimensional framework to be the first to investigate whether unique forms of CM exposure (characterized by the subtypes and whether multi-type exposure occurred) exhibited homotypic/heterotypic patterns of intergenerational continuity. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of CM exposure in mothers and their offspring (aged 8–13) who were part of a high-risk, economically disadvantaged sample of maltreated and nonmaltreated youth (N = 1240). Four distinct classes of CM exposure were identified in both mothers (“Single-Subtype without Sexual Abuse”; “Sexual Abuse”, “Multi-Subtype Exposure”; and “No Maltreatment”) and offspring (“No Maltreatment”; “Single Type-Neglect”; “Single Type-Abuse”; and “Chronic, Multi-type”). Patterns of homotypic and heterotypic intergenerational continuity were identified, with a pattern of multi-type exposure emerging as an enduring form of exposure across generations. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed. Intergenerational continuity of multidimensional patterns of child maltreatment exposure: A person-centered approach

How did activists on the colonial “margins” of the United States and the domestic environmental movement fight environmental battles? And how did these contests relate to the politics of decolonization? This article takes up these questions through a comparative exploration of two environmental movements at opposite ends of the U.S. overseas colonial empire during the 1970s. In Puerto Rico and Palau, plans for two petroleum “superports” threatened massive environmental destruction in service of state programs of energy security and industrialization. This article examines how Puerto Rican and Palauan activists developed novel environmental critiques and movement strategies to oppose them. Through an examination of these two anti-superport movements, this article reveals the innovative ways that activists waged environmental campaigns from the colonial “periphery” of both the U.S. polity and its domestic environmental movement.

In the Argentinian Atlantic Forest (AAF) of Misiones, opossums comprise 13% of the wild mammalian diversity. The white-eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris, and the southern black-eared opossum, D. aurita are sympatric marsupials, and the most frequent mammals in the northern Misiones. In this study, we describe the helminth assemblages from both D. albiventris and D. aurita in the northern AAF. We found a total of 15 species of helminths: 2 trematodes, 1 cestode, 11 nematodes and 1 acanthocephalan. The specific richness in D. albiventris was 12, while in D. aurita was it 13. Both opossum’s species share 10 helminth species; D. albiventris presented Capillaria sp. 2 and Globocephalus marsupials, absent in D. aurita; while D. aurita presented Trichuris didelphis, Capillaria sp. 1, and Travassostrongylus orloffi, absent in D. albiventris. Cruzia tentaculata registered the highest prevalence in both opossum species. Seven out of the 12 helminth species identified in D. albiventris have an indirect life cycle. Similarly, in D. aurita, 5 out of 13 helminth species exhibit an indirect life cycle. This suggests that nearly half of the assemblage of helminth in both opossum species need an intermediate host acquired through the diet. We also present new records for Argentina including Trichuris minuta, G. marsupialis, Viannaia viannai, T. orloffi and T. callis. This is the first time the helminth assemblage has been described for D. aurita in Argentina.

Objectives/Goals: To reduce cervical cancer in the USA, it is essential to identify the reasons underlying the low HPV vaccination rates. This study aims to identify knowledge and beliefs about HPV vaccination among women in rural areas. The knowledge gained from this study will directly lead to developing an education tool tailored specifically for women in rural areas. Methods/Study Population: We conducted a cross-sectional study from November 2022 to July 2023. We recruited women (n  =  141) who visited a mobile health unit in rural North Louisiana. The inclusion criteria were women aged 25–64 years who spoke English, had not undergone a total hysterectomy, and had no history of cervical cancer. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, sexual history, awareness and knowledge of HPV infection, cervical cancer, genital warts, and HPV vaccination, the perceived risk of acquiring genital HPV infection and developing cervical cancer, and the willingness to receive an HPV vaccine. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate participant responses. Written informed consent was obtained before completing the self-administered questionnaire. Results/Anticipated Results: Our findings showed significant gaps in HPV vaccine knowledge and uptake. Approximately 40% of the participants were unaware of the HPV vaccine, 96.5% had never received it, and 91.4% had never been offered it. However, 42% indicated a willingness to consider vaccination if it were offered. Factors influencing their decision to vaccinate against HPV included a family history of cervical cancer (44.7%), having multiple sexual partners (48%), and engaging in unprotected sex (61.7%). Furthermore, there was significant uncertainty surrounding the vaccine, with 65.2% of participants unsure about its safety, 66% unaware of potential health risks, and 47.5% uncertain about its effectiveness in preventing HPV. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Our research emphasizes the need for tailored behavioral interventions to address knowledge gaps about the HPV vaccine. Low HPV vaccination rates in rural areas contribute to health disparities in cervical cancer. Implementing educational interventions in healthcare settings can enhance vaccination rates and mitigate the risk of cervical cancer.

The yellownose skate (Dipturus chilensis) and roughskin skate (Dipturus trachyderma) are the only two elasmobranch species targeted by commercial fishing operations in Chile. Despite their importance, much of their biology and ecology remain poorly understood. This research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of tagging these species. In 2021, a pilot study was conducted at two locations, utilizing Petersen discs, acoustic transmitters, and pop-up satellite transmitters on both species. The results revealed a 6% recovery rate from the 50 skates tagged with Petersen discs, while 29.4% of those tagged with acoustic transmitters were successfully detected. Additionally, data from all ten satellite transmitters were successfully transmitted and recovered. The results revealed a maximum horizontal movement of 35.9 km, with the duration of liberty ranging from 8 to 275 days. Stocks of both species are currently depleted, and fishery management relies on closures and total allowable catches, where fishing effort is concentrated in short spatial and temporal windows. These particularities present significant challenges for implementing a national tagging programme, especially in terms of tag recovery. The main conclusion of this research is that the implementation of a tagging programme for both species is feasible. Satellite tagging provides the best results, but its higher implementation cost and limitations in use for relatively small skates could be mitigated by combining it with Petersen discs. Establishing a long-term tagging programme is essential for enhancing the understanding of distribution and migration patterns, which is crucial for enhancing conservation and management efforts for these skates in Chile.

Maternal insensitivity to children’s emotional distress (e.g., expressions of sadness or fearfulness) is one mechanism through which maternal alcohol dependence may increase children’s risk for psychopathology. Although emotion dysregulation is consistently associated with psychopathology, it remains unclear how or why alcohol dependence’s effects on caregiving responses to children’s distress may impact children’s emotion regulation over time, particularly in ways that may engender risks for psychopathology. This study examined longitudinal associations between lifetime maternal alcohol dependence symptoms, mothers’ insensitivity to children’s emotional distress cues, and children’s emotional reactivity among 201 mother-child dyads (Mchild age = 2.14 years; 56% Black; 11% Latino). Structural equation modeling analyses revealed a significant mediational pathway such that maternal alcohol dependence predicted increases in mothers’ insensitivity to children’s emotional distress across a one-year period (β = .16, p = .013), which subsequently predicted decreases in children’s emotional reactivity one year later (β = −.29, p = .009). Results suggest that mothers with alcohol dependence symptoms may struggle to sensitively respond to children’s emotional distress, which may prompt children to suppress or hide their emotions as an adaptive, protective strategy. The potential developmental benefits and consequences of early, protective expressive suppression strategies are discussed via developmental psychopathology frameworks.

Childhood adversity represents a robust risk factor for the development of harmful substance use. Although a range of empirical studies have examined the consequences of multiple forms of adversity (i.e., childhood maltreatment, parental alcohol use disorder [AUD]), there is a dearth of information on the relative effects of each form of adversity when considered simultaneously. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to investigate three unique and amplifying pathways from parental AUD and maltreatment exposure to offspring alcohol use as emerging adults: (1) childhood externalizing symptomatology, (2) internalizing symptomatology, and (3) affiliation with substance-using peers and siblings. Participants (N = 422) were drawn from a longitudinal follow-up study of emerging adults who participated in a research summer camp program as children. Wave 1 of the study included 674 school-aged children with and without maltreatment histories. Results indicated that chronic maltreatment, over and above the effect of parent AUD, was uniquely associated with greater childhood conduct problems and depressive symptomatology. Mother alcohol dependence was uniquely associated with greater affiliation with substance-using peers and siblings, which in turn predicted greater alcohol use as emerging adults. Results support peer and sibling affiliation as a key mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of substance use between mothers and offspring.

Child maltreatment constitutes a significant environmental risk for children, with carryover effects into future generations. There is a need to characterize protective factors that may buffer against the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment. The current study addresses this gap through two primary aims: 1) the development and validation of a novel measure assessing resolution of maternal childhood maltreatment trauma using narrative coding methods and 2) the evaluation of maternal maltreatment trauma resolution as a buffering factor that may moderate associations between maternal neglect histories and sensitive parenting of offspring. Results of reliability analyses from this sample of 210 diverse, low-income mothers suggest the novel childhood maltreatment trauma resolution measure is highly reliable. Furthermore, results highlight the generalizability, criterion validity, and concurrent and predictive validity of the measure. Results from cross-sectional analyses show that trauma resolution moderates associations between maternal physical neglect histories and sensitive parenting, such that under high maternal trauma resolution, there is no longer a negative association between neglect histories and sensitive parenting. Results from longitudinal analyses also show a protective effect of maternal trauma resolution, such that trauma resolution has a protective-enhancing effect on maternal sensitivity. Implications for research and clinical practice with families are discussed.