Galen’s most deeply held professional values included clarity of expression and the epistemological importance of clinical experience. Therefore, it is not surprising that he thought and wrote about communication with patients. His stories about patients show that he questioned them about their symptoms and history, and some stories explicitly teach the lesson that this type of questioning is important. His stories often quote patients indirectly or directly; they are often told partly from the patient’s perspective, and some contain constructions indicating that Galen paid attention to an individual patient’s exact words. In On the Affected Parts, his discussion of the vocabulary of pain – a problem in medical communication still important today – he privileges the common usage of patients over the technical vocabulary invented by Archigenes. He argues that only by listening to patients and their words can we construct a useful vocabulary of metaphors for pain that can bridge the gap in experience between physician and patient. He does not dismiss the words of women or enslaved patients; on the other hand, in a few stories where the patriarch of a family is present and the patient is female or enslaved, Galen’s dialogue tends to engage the head of the household rather than the patient. While some of his stories show off his ability to diagnose patients without talking to them, and others raise the problem of the lying patient, none of these stories would have meaning unless the patients’ words were normally crucial to clinical practice.

This paper discusses the syntactic behaviour of a small subset of object control verbs that have an implicative interpretation (e.g. obrigar ‘force’, impedir ‘prevent’) as well as the behaviour of superficially similar syntactic causatives in European Portuguese. By exploring different syntactic properties and giving special attention to inflected infinitives as complements to the two classes of verbs, we argue that implicative object control verbs are ambiguous between true control verbs (which are ditransitive) and syntactic causatives (which take a single, clausal, internal argument). To this extent, we present an argument defying Landau’s (2015) analysis of control under these verbs as predication. We also argue that the implicative interpretation of these verbs is not determined by the syntactic nature of their complement: This interpretation is maintained in both the causative and the control counterparts of the verb. By comparing implicative object control verbs and the understudied and superficially similar pôr a ‘put to / make’ and deixar a ‘put to / make’, and by highlighting the distribution and interpretation of inflected infinitives in their complements, we can argue that the latter are unambiguous syntactic causatives, which take as complement a small clause in which we internally observe control.

The making of the Passeio Público, Lisbon’s first public garden, is filled with contradictions, advances and setbacks. By looking at the long-term history of this green infrastructure, from its inception in 1764 until the inauguration of the boulevard built on its footprint in 1886, and considering the various technical-scientific, artistic, economic, social and political factors, this article demonstrates that the so-called public garden of the ancién régime was in fact made by the Liberals. Political issues and the Liberals’ narration of events were primarily responsible for the disappearance of the Passeio Público.

Political Equality is the view that, in political matters, everyone should have an equal say. Political Sufficiency is the view that, in political matters, everyone should have enough of a say. Whereas Political Equality is concerned with relativities, Political Sufficiency is a matter of absolutes. It is natural to assume that, to justify ‘one person, one vote’, we must appeal to Political Equality. We argue that this is not the case. If Political Equality justifies ‘one person, one vote’, so does Political Sufficiency. Moreover, there is reason to prefer Political Sufficiency to Political Equality.

The article focuses on the Ukrainian official language policies and their impact on Ukrainian people-building, claiming the state promotion of Ukrainian as an exclusive language of public life and the ethnically-based understanding of the Ukrainian people, inevitably lead to the exclusion of non-Ukrainian communities from participation in democratic processes, politicise the already problematic language situation and risk undermining the role of Ukrainian as an official language.

For such an analysis, and a conceptualisation of how the state can shape the nature of the people, the article proposes a new theoretical understanding of the people as an organisational system, based on a functional adaptation of Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory and Charles Taylor’s social imaginary.