This chapter discusses the background and characteristics of the Desolate Boedelskamer’s staff, in order to analyze how they contributed to the professionalization of insolvency procedures in seventeenth-century Amsterdam. Through a closer examination of the ways in which the institution dealt with fraud or mistakes, it will become clear how it helped to create a more professional and trustworthy insolvency procedure. Ultimately, it was the daily labor of commissioners and subordinate officials that constituted the foundation of the systemic trust generated by the Desolate Boedelskamer as a crucial means to repair broken relations between insolvents and their creditors.

This chapter discusses how analyses of historical developments in the English language can be informed by Construction Grammar, which models linguistic knowledge as a network of interconnected form–meaning pairs. Adopting this view of language, a growing body of constructional research addresses questions of how new form–meaning pairs come into being, how their interconnections change in the network and how the entire network develops over time. Engagement with these questions provides new perspectives on familiar phenomena, and it directs our attention to issues that have not been studied before. This chapter surveys theoretical proposals that apply notions from Construction Grammar to the study of language change, and by reviewing empirical studies of historical change from a constructional perspective across different domains in English grammar.

A Series of Vignettes): From the seventeenth until the early nineteenth centuries, the aristocracy had a strong influence on musical developments in Europe. In the Bohemian Crownlands, aristocratic patronage of music became particularly pronounced after the Habsburg dynasty permanently moved the royal court to Vienna in the early seventeenth century. To compensate for the lack of courtly musical activities, many Bohemian aristocrats established private musical ensembles following the Thirty Years’ War. This chapter explores some general characteristics, along with a few unique aspects, of the aristocratic musical establishments that existed in the Bohemian Crownlands from the late 1600s to the early 1800s. The overview is neither exhaustive nor chronological but focuses on a few music-loving aristocrats, their diverse approaches to music patronage, and their motivations for supporting music and musicians.

The term art and part in Scots law refers to a form of derivative liability. This doctrine extends criminal liability to individuals who may not have committed the actus reus and, in some cases, may not have had the mens rea. Our understanding of the legal developments associated with this doctrine is limited. This chapter therefore examines the historical evolution of the concept, tracing its roots through selected early sources of Scots and English law. It investigates the extent of legislative reform in the sixteenth century and evaluates, through selected homicide prosecutions from 1580 to 1650, the impact of these reforms on the administration of justice and the prosecution of art and part.

Chapter 6, “A Deeper Layer of Reality,” describes my path to quarks, relating events starting as a graduate student in the spring of 1963 through the summer of 1964 when my work on quarks was essentially completed. A way of judging improbable theories is presented that, when applied to the quark model, pits the a priori likelihood that quarks exist against the difficulty of explaining the experimental data in a theory without quarks.

After a preliminary discussion of symmetry as applied to particle classification, and the constraints it places on the wave functions of particles, a detailed discussion of constituent quarks with spin is presented, based on my 1964 Erice Summer School Lectures. This takes place at two levels, first to capture the main ideas, then, with more detail, to enable the reader to decide if they would have believed that a fundamental theory based on quarks would eventually explain the strong interactions. Selection rules governing the change of strangeness in weak decays, and their relation to the change in charge of the strongly interacting particles, are derived. A graphical calculus based on quarks for calculating hadron couplings is introduced.

This chapter clarifies the difference between changes in levels of cost versus growth of cost and focuses on the latter. This is because increases in spending may be good if we are getting something for that growth; it all depends whether it is going toward “waste” or if we are obtaining value for that spending in the form of health outcomes – a return on investment. Four targets of cost containment are outlined: administrative costs, competition, state-based spending targets, and value-based payment. It is acknowledged that administrative costs are high in the US in part because consumers have choice over plans, benefits, providers, and networks (as opposed to once centralized system); with this choice comes coordination, information, and standardization costs. Excessive market power due to consolidation may also lead to the extraction of high prices from consumers beyond what would be possible with improved market-level competition. The chapter concludes by addressing the recent flattening in medical spending growth and what might happen in the future.

As soon as one comes to terms with Origen’s historiographically and literarily sensitive criteria for how to read and understand the Gospel narratives, one may realize that the Gospels have simultaneously formed his vision of what history itself is by presenting this life to us “under the form of history” and “in figures” they reveal that history is itself a “sign of something.” Thus, for Origen, when one finally reaches into the “depths of the evangelical mind” and discerns “the naked truth of the figures therein,” one discovers a “spiritual Gospel,” yes, but one breaks through the “shell” of these historical narratives only to find history anew, even one’s very own, transfigured and “taken up into the Gospel” – the eternal Gospel – whose sacrament is the glorified Son of Man.

Chapter 5 focuses on Murray Gell-Mann who dominated particle physics for more than a decade starting in the mid-1950s. His perspective, style, and major contributions to physics, while I knew him, are described. A comparison of Feynman and Gell-Mann’s views on how to practice physics, and what they valued concludes this chapter.

A succession of toy field theories of increasing generality are described, the final one, missing all strong interactions, is based on mathematical quarks from which equal-time commutation relations of the weak and electromagnetic currents are abstracted. The Eightfold way and the Gell-Mann—Okubo mass formula are discussed, and Gell-Mann’s view of quarks is described in some detail. Examples of a darker side -- his pattern of inadequate attribution, that I only fully realized while writing this book -- are also given.

Chapter 6 transitions to the case of the Philippines to provide a comparative analysis of regime complex effectiveness. The chapter begins with a political economy analysis of the domestic actors and interests involved in the energy sector in the Philippines, then delves into the history of geothermal development with an analysis of the impacts of the clean energy regime complex actors on barriers to geothermal development over time. The major findings of this chapter indicate that early domestic political support for geothermal development under the Marcos and Ramos regimes was a response to the exogenous shocks of energy crises. This response to exogenous shocks opened pathways of change that were key in catalyzing geothermal development in the country that later placed the Philippines as the world’s second largest producer for several decades. In the Philippines, an embrace of the energy transition enabled the positive impact of the clean energy regime complex on geothermal development. In Indonesia, domestic political resistance to the energy transition limited regime complex effectiveness.

The book concludes in Chapter 8 with a summary of the major theoretical and empirical findings on the clean energy regime complex’s emergence and effectiveness across Indonesia and the Philippines, and a discussion of the theory’s broader generalizability, further research opportunities, and policy implications and recommendations for fostering energy transitions in a world of complex governance.

This chapter brings together the threads of Chapters 8 and 9 to advance an alternative theoretical foundation for international organizations. First, it explains why we should understand the state as an artificial rather than as a natural construct, even for the purposes of international law. It traces states’ emergence back to a national community’s capacity for self-description through socially grounded rules of transformative re-description. Doing so, this chapter unveils the inherent openness of international law to admitting any other institutions that can also be traced back to this capacity. Thus, it recasts the state as just one institution among a family of such entities. All these entities, including international organizations, are equally admissible by default in international law without the need for any legislative intervention to that effect.

A closer look at changes in women’s education, age of marriage, employment, and the reasons for the enduring value of women’s skilled domestic work. Women’s postrevolutionary legal position as second-class citizens exists in tandem with gains in women’s social status indicators: improvements in women’s literacy, later and more egalitarian age of marriage, lower fertility rates, and improved indicators of basic household consumption. Women’s stubbornly low contemporary participation rate in formal employment is complicated by the prerevolutionary prevalence of child labor, and postrevolutionary improvements in girls’ school attendance. Low rates of formal employment also mask women’s crucial contributions to household economies through social labor. Local food culture and the premium attached to women’s skilled home cooking provide the basis for social and economic networks that bypass state control. The common value of local food culture provides a foundation for social identity and a recognizable form of capital that offsets the frustrations associated with limited the opportunities of the formal market.

This article introduces the artistic and community practice of Treehouse Shakespeare Ensemble (2022–2023) as emblematic of an ensemble-based MFA training model. Drawing on scholarship on community theatre, the article argues that a grassroots training model has the potential to bridge the theoretical division between university theatre and community partner.

Seventeenth-century Amsterdam was a city of innovations. Explosive economic growth and the expansion of overseas trade went hand in hand with a high level of religious tolerance. In this world of increasing complexity, legal and governmental innovations were essential in order to adapt the urban institutional landscape to the challenges posed by these great social, economic, and cultural changes. The topic of insolvency legislation, as a crucial junction of the fundamental contextuality of commercial law, is most suitable to shed new light on the precise circumstances under which the most striking and seminal developments in the rise of a modern commercial order took place. This introductory chapter explains how new empirical evidence from Amsterdam's legal archives can help understand how innovative governance and legal practices interacted with moral thought in order to produce a liberal, open-access insolvency regime.

This chapter analyses the failure of numerous ‘popish mortgage bills’ in late eighteenth-century Ireland. It contextualizes these legislative efforts not only within the histories of the penal laws and Catholic emancipation, but also within the histories of mortgage law in Ireland, England, and other parts of the British Empire. The bills demonstrated Irish lawmakers’ interest in guaranteeing sources of credit for landowners, and indicated at least some confidence in the protections that would be afforded Protestant debtors by the core doctrine of the equity of redemption. The widespread testing of that doctrine, however, raised new questions about creditor power that informed fears about Catholic power, and these became central to legal and political debate. The failure of these bills reflected common concerns about predation and fraud in credit relations, and particular unease about the ways in which mortgage law might contribute to constitutional change, undermining Ireland’s Protestant ascendancy.