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In 1962, the Australian Government deployed Australian military forces in support of the Republic of Vietnam. Supporting the Commitment: Australian Army Logistics in South Vietnam, 1962–1973 investigates how the Australian Army structured its logistics to support its operations in Vietnam. This book examines how the Australian Army interacted with the US Army's logistic framework to secure its own logistic support for the training team, the battalion group and then the task force. Particular attention is given to the logistic units which supported these deployments, including the raising, siting and operations of the 1st Australian Logistic Support Company (1ALSC) and the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1ALSG). Acknowledging that the Australian Army's involvement in South Vietnam was a war of choice, the book explores how Army's institutional attitudes towards logistics influenced the nature of support provided.
This book inscribes the uncanny time of Beauvoir's text as a space of otherness that opens itself up within the modernist project of feminist liberation. As Beauvoir interprets it, the tense of existentialism is also the tense of the postmodern. The author moves on to a consideration of the place of The Second Sex within feminist historiography. Yet central to The Second Sex is the question of woman as a subject in history. Despite Le Doeuff's claim that The Second Sex is 'a prolongation of the reading of Hegel', and despite the fact that Beauvoir talks about 'progress' and the 'evolution of woman's condition', Beauvoir is absolutely clear that this evolution has not been 'a continuous process' and that nothing can be known in advance about women's condition. The Second Sex 'continues to haunt' the texts written by 'most of the French feminists best known in Great Britain'. And in Atack's words, The Second Sex 'still stalks the horizons of our philosophical and cultural understandings'. The Second Sex is nevertheless postmodern in the sense that it continues to open up a series of problems present to modernity: identity, history, gender, representation. The readings in this book recognise Beauvoir's text as not only presenting an emancipatory narrative but as insisting on thinking through the difficult politics of emancipation in the as-yet-unfinished future past of feminism.
Only when we fully appreciate the origins and foundations of child and adolescent behaviors will we succeed in uncovering why they do what they do. By emphasizing evolutionary viewpoints of human psychological development, this textbook explains the fundamental underpinnings of young minds and how they grow. New chapters on the biological basis and cultural context of development introduce students to dynamic new debates in the field. The integrative, topical approach incorporates the perspectives that guide today's practitioners and gives students a holistic and up-to-date understanding of development. Box features highlight key debates, Section Reviews reinforce essential points, and “Ask Yourself” questions and end-of-chapter exercises encourage engagement and extend learning, supporting and enhancing student understanding. Revised and updated throughout, this comprehensive, topical textbook uniquely integrates the central themes of modern developmental theory – developmental contextualism, sociocultural perspective, and evolutionary theory – in a strong, theoretical introduction to child and adolescent development.
It is a mark of the distinctiveness of Stanley Cavell's philosophical writing that it should arise, so often, in response to what some might imagine to be unphilosophical pressures and questions. Wittgenstein made Cavell realize that he could practise philosophy in ways that might be regarded by the discipline as unorthodox. For Cavell, scepticism about others – about other minds – is more than the failure of language to provide us with access to another. Cavell's account of literature, of its achievements and capacities, suggests instead a profound affinity between the practice and experience of art and the sense of the ordinary to be drawn from the philosophical practice of both Austin and Wittgenstein. The chapters in this book pick their routes through mutual relationships between literature, criticism and philosophy. They share, reflect on and develop some of the implications that such relationships find in Cavell's work. But they do so under different aspects, demonstrating the variety of forms these relationships can take, and suggesting lines for fruitful further enquiry. Movements and genres – modernism, romanticism, tragedy and autobiography – furnish their own configurations; so does attention to medium, language and form, and an awareness of the significance of the practice of reading. Cavell's philosophy, then, is preoccupied with describing how we might give voice to, and maintain, a significant, animated life in the face of scepticism's blankness.
Engels is perhaps the most neglected, and certainly the most unfashionable, of the major socialist thinkers. Yet many of the most problematical aspects of Marxist theory, such as dialectics, materialism, base and superstructure, scientific socialism and gender, are dealt with most explicitly in the classic texts of Marxism by Engels rather than by Marx himself. This book intends to assess Engels' contribution to the genesis of Marxism in the period before 1848; to ask how far Engels departed from this paradigm in the years after 1848; and to examine the degree to which Marx himself shared Engels' intellectual trajectory. Engels has been seen as the founder of an anti-empirical Marxism based on a priori laws of matter, and also as a brilliant historian whose intellectual strength lay in empirical studies, and who demanded that all history be studied afresh rather than being compressed into some ready-made schema. One alternative to merely emphasising the differences of opinion between Marx and Engels would be to show that, although the two men differed in their views on philosophy and the natural sciences, their ideas on social theory and history were 'virtually identical'. The book argues that attempts to counterpose the views of Marx and Engels are essentially a strategy designed to forestall a confrontation with the problems which lie within Marx's works themselves.
This book explores the good food revolution in public institutions. In schools it examines the challenge of the whole school approach, where the message of the classroom needs to be aligned with the offer of the dining room. In hospitals it examines the quest to put nutrition on a par with medicine to fashion a health service worthy of the name. And in prisons it shows how good food can bring hope and dignity to prisoners, helping them to rehabilitate themselves. The good food revolution refers to the struggle – locally, nationally and globally – to create a fairer, healthier and more sustainable food system. Charting the rise of the Good Food movement in the UK and the US, the book reveals how this new social movement is playing a prominent role in putting good food on the political agenda. But the struggle to reform the food system will need to overcome two formidable obstacles: the lobbying power of Big Food and the damaging legacy of forty years of neoliberal governments in thrall to free market policies.
Much of the writing about The Prince is often at a certain distance from the text, not engaging with it in a critical or textual way. One of the features of the chapters in this book is the extent to which they focus on the complex texture of Machiavelli's writing and on the complex reading processes this in turn calls forth. Indeed, the book argues that it is not simply, as modern theorists have it, that the reader creates the meaning of the text but that certain texts in our culture - texts like The Prince - create and demand a more complicated response from readers as well as different kinds of reading. In other words, they demand a plural approach. The book brings together both a variety of critical viewpoints and a variety of disciplines but also a series of arguments which would allow the reader to engage in a debate that was at once broadly based and intensely focused. That debate has to include proper recognition of the particular circumstances of Machiavelli's writing, an awareness of the modern critical approaches now being explored in relation to The Prince, and a sense of the connection between Machiavelli and the twentieth century. What is clear, however, is that The Prince remains an important text in the attempt to understand cultural history and one that reminds us how difficult but rewarding that task is.
Few upheavals in any country's history have been more momentous, dislodging and controversial than the French Revolution of the late eighteenth century. It divided France and Europe at the time and has gone on divisively reverberating ever since. The Revolution's impact on France is indelible; it permanently changed the country. This book demonstrates the complex events and trends of the French Revolution and the different ways in which they have been interpreted and judged. It deals with the various types of revolutionary history and the various schools of historical thought on the Revolution. The structure of the book is similar to the other books in the Issues in Historiography series. The book is not an anthology or reader, or a history of the Revolution. Rather, it is a history of histories and focuses on those individuals who are generally perceived to be the 'major' or 'preeminent' figures within revolutionary historiography. There is a surprising degree of consensus on this matter. But the book delves into some obscure areas, and considers some of the 'minor' figures as well. In each chapter the aim is the same: to unpack the ideas of the key historians, to discover what they said about the Revolution and how they said it. The book then deals with a tranche of nineteenth-century historians: those who put forward epic, idealist and romantic interpretations and those who responded to the dawn of the Third Republic by revisiting the events of 1789 and the revolutionary decade.
This book provides original documents from the Second World War years which will help the reader evaluate claims that the war introduced a new sense of social solidarity and social idealism which led to a consensus on welfare state reform. It provides important evidence on employment policy, race relations and anti-Semitism, women, health and the family, in addition to examining the Blitz, evacuation and the making of social policy. Special attention is paid to the debate within the Conservative party on the Beveridge Report and the proposed national health service. Two questions dominate the debate on the Second World War home front. Did the war create a new sense of social unity which bridged class and other pre-war divisions? Did the war produce a consensus on domestic policy which provided the basis for the post-war welfare state and full-employment policy? With the exception of Angus Calder's classic study, The People's War, most general accounts of the home front have stressed the themes of social unity and consensus. But research on specific groups and policies has undermined this model by drawing attention to the continuation of pre-war social conflicts and to the policy differences dividing the Labour parties and Conservative parties.
Around seventy million people were mobilized in the Great War; more than nine million of them died. Historians often describe it as the world's first industrial war, which drew upon advanced technology to produce unimaginable new forms of violence and suffering. The Great War ended in 1918; many people rarely think about it now, yet it had a profound effect on politics, economics, and social organization, not simply in Europe, but all over the world. This book presents a collection of stories from the Great War to bring together writing by women and men, combatants and civilians, pacifists and propagandists, giving a broad sense of the war's cultural impact. One strange fantasy found in some of these stories casts the war as a source of sexual ecstasy, especially for women. To some extent, anxiety about the war's violence is displaced on to women, and expressed as fear or hatred of women's sexuality. All the stories in this anthology are complete texts; none has been abridged. This allows us to explore the ways in which the war is turned into a form of history, as well as aestheticized, within the constraints of a single genre. Overall, the book attempts to give a sense of the breadth of the cultural impact of the war - an impact which can still be felt today, both in the political climate in which we live, and in the kinds of literature we produce.
For fifty years Anne Lake Prescott has been a central force in the study of Anglo-French literary relations in the early modern period. This selection of her essays connects issues of nation, language, religion, and gender. The twelve collected here examine early modern culture by describing and often by contrasting its texts. The essays borrow eclectically from different interpretative practices – archival research, historical placement, psychoanalysis, biblical commentary, translation, and the study of gender. Throughout they illuminate by clarifying what she calls the ‘cultural forcefield surrounding and sustaining’ the poems. The readings cross boundaries. They consider the Reformation as it affects ideas of poetic vocation and the sense of time, and show how the biblical David became a model for Renaissance poets and also for slandered courtiers. Several essays deal with Edmund Spenser’s epic and his sonnet sequence, and many bring texts from other fields to illuminate Donne, Ronsard, the Sidneys and other early modern writers. Three little-known French poems with lesbian speakers illuminate Donne’s ‘Sappho to Philaenis’, while the language of ruin in Mary Sidney’s psalm translations suggests paradoxically her sense of religious renewal. These essays – penetrating, generous, and witty – use close reading to consider large cultural issues. An introduction by Ayesha Ramachandran, Susan Felch, and Susannah Monta places Anne’s work in the context of early modern studies and the book ends with short appreciations of Anne as collaborator and editor by Roger Kuin and William Oram and a bibliography of Prescott’s work.
Drawing from both past and present, using the interdisciplinary hermeneutics of theatre, politics, and performance, this collection explores how to do activism, make theatre, and be in the world through the Leftist paradigms and ethos. What are the political, cultural, personal, and collective dramaturgies through which to recuperate the Leftist care for commons for our time? The Left is framed here as a large umbrella term for a range of progressive cultural and political practices, as well as a way of living/being in the world. The focus on plural cultural Lefts draws attention to different histories of Leftist political and cultural practices and to the dialectics between official and unofficial Lefts – between the totalising ideological framework and its smaller-scale manifestations. The conceptual focus is on the dialectics of the macro- and micro-plane of the Leftist histories, legacies, and current forms of resistance as they occur through different dramaturgies of activism, but also through theatre and everyday life. In our times of political confusion – when Leftist agendas and struggles often collapse or become appropriated by the Right – the necessity of recovering the Leftist ethos of solidarity, social justice, and care for the commons seems more urgent than ever. How does one grapple with the complexities of the Left: its theatres and theatricalities, its modes of activism, its subjects and subjectivities?
This book is the first major study of Britain’s pioneering graphic satirist, Sir Francis Carruthers Gould (1844–1925), the first staff political cartoonist on a daily newspaper in Britain, and the first of his kind to be knighted. Written by the distinguished media historian, Colin Seymour-Ure, author of Prime Ministers and the Media (2003), and co-author of an acclaimed biography of Sir David Low, it is essential reading for anyone interested in cartoons, caricature and illustration and will be welcomed by students of history, politics and the media. A personal ‘miscellany’ rather than a detailed biography, it examines Gould’s career from when he left work at the London Stock Exchange to become political cartoonist on the influential Pall Mall Gazette and later the Westminster Gazette (where he was also assistant editor) until his retirement after the First World War. It also discusses the monthly Picture Politics (which he edited and ran for twenty years), as well as his illustrations for magazines and books, including The Political Struwwelpeter (1899), The Westminster Alice (1902, with H.H. Munro ‘Saki’), and his own ‘Froissart’s Modern Chronicles’ series. In addition there is an analysis of the symbolism and literary allusion used in his drawings to lampoon such eminent politicians as Gladstone, Joseph Chamberlain and Arthur Balfour. Never unkind in his work (‘I etch with vinegar, not vitriol’), Gould was the leading satirical artist of his day. As Lord Baker says in his Foreword, this book is ‘a major contribution to our knowledge of British cartooning’.
This book is about the real historical conditions of Shakespeare's art. Its argument is that Shakespeare's plays were written out of a profound engagement with the Europe of the Counter-Reformation, but that, if the dramatist can be aligned with any party, what he called 'our fashion' was the politique one of those moderate Catholics who reacted against the suicidal violence of the fanatics with a project of freedom of conscience and mutual toleration. The book is about what Shakespeare did not write. In view of the number of books published on what he did, this might seem perverse, but for the fact that Shakespeare's silence has become, in one respect, a focus of current interpretations of his life and work. The theme of the book is that the question which in fact resonates through Shakespeare's plays, of whether 'To be or not to be' was prompted by the existential crisis of this moment, when it would have been impossible for him not to share Hamlet's predicament. Critics are edging towards the implications of the revelation that, as Stephen Greenblatt concludes in his book Hamlet in Purgatory, Shakespeare 'was probably brought up in a Roman Catholic household in a time of official suspicion and persecution of recusancy', and are teasing out the textual traces that reveal how much he was 'haunted by the spirit of his Catholic father'.
Nursing the English analyses the reputations and experiences of women and men who nursed the sick in the period before any calls for nursing reform. It begins in 1660, since the separation of sick nursing from childcare nursing can be dated to the final third of the seventeenth century, and to include the final epidemic of plague. It concludes in 1820, the year of Florence Nightingale’s birth. This was coincidentally the same year which saw the first European publication calling for the founding of a Protestant nursing sisterhood, a movement which eventually propelled the drive for nurse training. Chapters focus on domestic nursing by women, the long history of nursing at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, the careers of women recruited to nurse in provincial infirmaries, and the lives of ‘matrons’ who nursed old soldiers at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. The final two chapters pull together the evidence for nursing by men, the conflicts with normative masculinity that lay in wait for male carers, and the plethora of intentional and ad hoc nursing by both women and men as a result of Britain’s wars with France between 1793 and 1815. The purpose of this volume is to make a decisive statement in contradiction to the stereotype of the pre-reform nurse as ignorant, illiterate, and drunk, to characterise her (and also him) as working well in context. Gender, status, and proximity to ‘dirty work’ provide an essential framework for understanding the challenges of nursing before reform.
As a historian of late imperial Russia McKean thus defies easy classification. He is both variously optimist and pessimist, at each instance aware of the complexities and contingencies of history. The imperial regime was willing to concede only the façade of a parliament, as an analysis of the Duma between 1905 and 1917 makes clear. Two examinations of late imperial intellectuals perceive some rays of hope for the late imperial regime. Murray Frame puts forward an alternative reading of late imperial civil society. According to Vincent Barnett, one leading student of the late imperial economy thought that it was undergoing an impressive expansion under tsarism. Although it was events in the capital that secured Nicholas II's downfall, the fate of the late imperial regime was perhaps more affected by its relations with the peasantry: the vast majority of the country's population. It is to McKean's credit, however, that he was able to introduce genuine doubt into a scholarly community all too keen to write off Nicholas II, largely accepting Haimson's thesis that there was a crisis of revolutionary proportions affecting late imperial Russia pre-1914. It is a pity that Haimson has not openly responded to McKean's challenging and more nuanced interpretation of late imperial Russia. Further research, particularly into civil society in the provinces, may well yet alter further our perceptions of late imperial Russia's problems and prospects.
For years historians have recognised, and occasionally remarked in print, that there is a great lacuna in our knowledge concerning the nature of witchcraft and magic in England and Wales after the period of the witch-trials. Yet while there has been a steady flow of papers, and, more recently, a wave of fine books on witchcraft in early modern England, no one has sought to extend research beyond that period. This book is an attempt to redress this imbalance. It presents an overview of all aspects of magical belief during the period 1736-1951. The author of the book looks at the subject from a variety of different cultural aspects in order to illustrate the diversity of ways that witchcraft and magic in the period can be understood and studied from a historical perspective. The book also demonstrates the potential rewards of researching witchcraft and magic in the modern period, and stimulates others to treat the subject with the academic respect it deserves. Today, as in the past, there are many who believe that there are legitimate and serious principles behind these practices. The author sums up that Fortune-telling and astrology were inextricably bound up with more overtly magical beliefs and practices.
This book examines moral theories that endeavour to tell us how we ought to treat animals, as well as how individuals and the law actually do treat them. The author gives consideration of the considerable bulk of philosophical literature on the moral status of animals that has appeared in recent years. What has made this philosophical debate so important, of course, has been its impact on the realm of practical politics. The book documents the re-emergence of the animal protection movement and the author makes an attempt at a classification of its key characteristics, and explores a number of explanations for its development. With the rise of a movement to expound the radical philosophy, the debate about the treatment of animals has also fundamentally changed. The book examines the nature of this debate by relating competing moral theories to the variety of uses to which humans put animals. It is the willingness of some elements in the animal protection movement to take direct action that has provoked the greatest publicity for the cause of animal protection in recent years. The author gives attention to the nature of modern pressure group politics and, in particular, it is asked, with the help of various theoretical approaches, to what extent the political system provides for fair competition between the animal protection movement and those with a vested interest in continuing to exploit animals.
This book primarily explores the workings of both dreams and dream-interpretation, and investigates the nature of the mental apparatus which not only produces dreams but seems to require them for its effective functioning. Freud's theories postulated two central theses: first, that dreams have a meaning accessible to interpretation; and second, that they have a function. Dreams are 'compromise formations', expressions of wishes and of defenses against those wishes. The book uses an interpretative methodology to explore and expose the various disguises and concealments entailed in the transformation from dreamwish to dream-scene, interpreting or undisguising dreams along associative paths. It leads us into the 'dark continent' of mental processes. As Freud's interpretation of the dream unfolds, fragment by fragment, the dream begins to cohere around a number of themes: professional responsibility and medical incompetence; women's secrecy or 'recalcitrance'; organic versus hysterical illness; self-recrimination and self-justification. The apparent 'triumph' of self-justification in the dream is also the means by which the wish-fulfilment theory of dreams, and hence the central thesis of Freud's dream book, is validated. The dream of Irma's injection could be read as Freud's wishful dream of the birth of psychoanalysis emerging from his relationship with Fliess, and of the overcoming of female 'resistance'. Freud's dream book is widely agreed to be not only his most important work, but the one which resonates most strikingly with a whole range of intellectual and experiential preoccupations, from his own time to ours, and undoubtedly beyond.
Things move fast in the world of the videogame and videogame scholarship. Given that videogames constitute a new arena for academic study, many of the recent publications have tended to address games in a rather generalist manner, often as a means of mapping the field. Any intersection between the world of the scholar and the world of the videogame, therefore, has to be carefully negotiated. This collection represents a series of frozen analytic moments, and an opportunity for reflection among a range of critics approaching games from different places and with varied disciplinary backgrounds. It takes a 'bottom-up' approach, seeking not to survey the entire field, but instead to move closer to the experience of playing particular games. The experience of being-in-the-world of a game is contingent on the particular design, across a range of dimensions, of a given game and that design provides the formal and structural features of a game. Within the terms of the narratology/ludology debate that so characterized early public discussions about the action of scholarship in relation to videogames, it might be assumed that any focus on games as texts refers only to their non-interactive elements. The essays address a game or group of games in detail and in so doing go some way towards addressing the very complex and diversely rendered relationship between videogame text, play and performance. The experience of playing games, in all its various affective colouring, occurs through the interchange between technology, aesthetics and the player's own particular investments.