Acer, E. & Kizuka, K. (2019). Orders from Above: Massive Human Rights Abuses under Trump Administration Return to Mexico Policy. Retrieved from https://humanrightsfirst.org/library/orders-from-above-massive-human-rights-abuses-under-trump-administration-return-to-mexico-policy/Google Scholar

Ahmed, Y. & McDonnell, E. (2022). UK Plan to Ship Asylum Seekers to Rwanda Is Cruelty Itself. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/14/uk-plan-ship-asylum-seekers-rwanda-cruelty-itselfGoogle Scholar

Alperin, E. & Batalova, J. (2018). Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/article/vietnamese-immigrants-united-states-5Google Scholar

American Immigration Council. (2017). Temporary Protected Status: An Overview. Retrieved from www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/temporary-protected-status-overviewGoogle Scholar

American Immigration Council. (2023, May 10). New Asylum Transit Ban Is Dangerous and Shortsighted [Press release]. Retrieved from www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/news/new-asylum-transit-ban-dangerous-and-shortsightedGoogle Scholar

Amnesty International. (2020). Caught in a Political Game. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR0120772020ENGLISH.PDFGoogle Scholar

Anderson, B., Shutes, I. & Walker, S. (2014, July 31). Report on the Rights and Obligations of Citizens and Non-citizens in Selected Countries: Principles of Eligibility Underpinning Access to State Territory, Citizenship and Welfare. Retrieved from www.uu.nl/sites/default/files/rights-and-obligations-of-citizens-and-non-citizens-in-selected-countries.pdfGoogle Scholar

Asylum Information Database. (2021). Country Report: Spain. Retrieved from https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/AIDA-ES_2021update.pdfGoogle Scholar

BBC News. (2021). Denmark Asylum: Law Passed to Allow Offshore Asylum Centres. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57343572Google Scholar

Bither, J. & Ziebarth, A. (2018). Creating Legal Pathways to Reduce Irregular Migration? What We Can Learn from Germany’s “Western Balkan Regulation”. Retrieved from www.bosch-stiftung.de/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/2019-01/Creating%20Legal%20Pathways%20to%20Reduce%20Irregular%20Migration.pdfGoogle Scholar

Bolter, J. & Meissner, D. (2018). Crisis at the Border? Not by the Numbers. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/news/crisis-border-not-numbersGoogle Scholar

Burnett, J. (2019). Fake Birth Certificates and “Fake Families” Amid Migrant Surge at Border. Retrieved from www.npr.org/2019/03/29/708176435/fake-birth-certificates-and-fake-families-amid-migrant-surge-at-borderGoogle Scholar

Burnett, J. (2021). Why People Are Fleeing Honduras For The U.S.: “All That’s Left Here Is Misery”. Retrieved from www.npr.org/2021/05/10/994065661/why-people-are-fleeing-honduras-for-the-u-s-all-thats-left-here-is-miseryGoogle Scholar

Callamard, A. (2017, August 15). Unlawful Death of Refugees and Migrants (No. A/72/335). Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/258/06/pdf/N1725806.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar

Collett, E. (2016). The Paradox of the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/news/paradox-eu-turkey-refugee-dealGoogle Scholar

Collyer, M. & Vathi, Z. (2007). Patterns of Extraterritorial Voting. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c09e5274a31e0000f5e/WP-T22.pdfGoogle Scholar

Council of Europe: Committee for the Prevention of Torture. (2015). Report to the Spanish Government on the Visit to Spain Carried Out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, from 14 to 18 July, 2014. Retrieved from www.refworld.org/country,COI,COECPT,ESP,553e4fbc4,0.htmlGoogle Scholar

Department of Homeland Security. (2019). Privacy Impact Assessment for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): Information Data Share. DHS/USCIS/PIA-081. Retrieved from www.dhs.gov/publication/dhsuscispia-081-united-nations-high-commissioner-refugees-unhcr-information-data-shareGoogle Scholar

Detained Voices. (2019). Les Gilets Noirs: We Are in the Airport in France. Retrieved from https://detainedvoices.com/2019/05/21/les-gilets-noirs-we-are-in-the-airport-in-france/Google Scholar

Diaz Briseño, J. (2022). Presume Trump “Doblar” a AMLO. Retrieved from www.reforma.com/presume-trump-doblar-a-amlo/ar2390944Google Scholar

Erdoğan, M. (2021). Turkey: Suriyeliler Barometresi 2020. Retrieved from https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/91513Google Scholar

European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights. (2020). Case Report: The Spanish-Moroccan Land Border in Melilla-A Lawless Zone of Automatic Expulsions. Retrieved from www.ecchr.eu/fileadmin/Fallbeschreibungen/CaseReport_ECtHR_Melilla_EN_Jan2020.pdfGoogle Scholar

European Commission. (2024, March 11). What Is the New Pact on Migration and Asylum of the EU? Retrieved from https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/new-pact-migration-and-asylum_enGoogle Scholar

European Council. (2015, November 29). Meeting of Heads of State or Government with Turkey: EU-Turkey Statement [Press release]. Retrieved from www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/11/29/eu-turkey-meeting-statement/Google Scholar

European Council on Refugees and Exiles. (2020). Country Report: Turkey. Retrieved from https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/report-download_aida_tr_2019update.pdfGoogle Scholar

European Union. (2018). Fact Sheet: EU-Libya Relations. Retrieved from www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/factsheet_eu_libya_relations.pdfGoogle Scholar

Flores, A. (2021). Advocates Left a Meeting with Biden Officials over Plans to Restart a Trump-Era Border Policy. Retrieved from www.buzzfeednews.com/article/adolfoflores/advocates-walked-out-meeting-biden-immigration-mppGoogle Scholar

Forensic Architecture. (2020). Pushbacks in Melilla: ND and NT v. Spain. Retrieved from https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/pushbacks-in-melilla-nd-and-nt-vs-spainGoogle Scholar

Fratzke, S. (2015). Not Adding Up: The Fading Promise of Europe’s Dublin System. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/MPIe-Asylum-DublinReg.pdfGoogle Scholar

Freedom House. (2022). Freedom in the World: All Data, FIW 2013–2023. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archivesGoogle Scholar

Frontex. Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) for Medium Altitude Long Endurance Maritime Aerial Surveillance: Frontex/OP/888/2019/JL/CG. Retrieved from https://netzpolitik.org/wp-upload/2021/05/FRONTEX_OP_888_2019_JL_CG_Tender_Specifications.pdfGoogle Scholar

Garzon, H. M. (2015). Why Violence Is Flaring at Europe’s Border Crossings. Retrieved from www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/why-violence-flaring-europe-s-border-crossingsGoogle Scholar

George, S. (2015). The Men Who Pretend to Be Syrian Refugees. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/07/the-men-who-pretend-to-be-syrian-refugees-greece/Google Scholar

Gidron, Y. (2018). How Israel’s Secret Refugee Deals Collapsed in the Light of Day. Retrieved from https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/community/2018/05/03/how-israels-secret-refugee-deals-collapsed-in-the-light-of-dayGoogle Scholar

Gilmartin, E. (2022a). Spain’s Government Is Turning a Blind Eye to Killings at Its Border. Retrieved from https://progressive.international/wire/2022-10-13-spains-government-is-turning-a-blind-eye-to-killings-at-its-border/enGoogle Scholar

Gilmartin, E. (2022b). The 37 People Killed in Melilla Are Victims of Europe’s Murderous Border Regime. Retrieved from https://jacobin.com/2022/06/europe-spain-morocco-border-killings-psoe-sanchezGoogle Scholar

Global Summit of Refugees. (2018). Global Summit of Refugees: Policy Discussion and Outcomes Paper. Retrieved from www.networkforrefugeevoices.org/global-summit-of-refugees.htmlGoogle Scholar

Gowayed, H. (2022, September 29). Climate Change and Migration in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved from Arab Center Washington DC website: https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/climate-change-and-migration-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/Google Scholar

Greenberg, M. e. a. (2021). Relaunching the Central American Minor Program: Opportunities to Enhance Child Safety and Family Reunification, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/research/relaunching-central-american-minors-programGoogle Scholar

Groupe Antiraciste de Défense et d’accompagnement des Etrangers et Migrants, Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de Andalucía, La Cimade & Migreurop. (2015). Ceuta et Melilla: Centres de tri à ciel ouvert aux portes de l’Afrique? Retrieved from http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/fr_rapportconjoint_ceutamelilla_decembre2015.pdfGoogle Scholar

Haki na Sheria Initiative. (2021). Biometric Purgatory: How the Double Registration of Vulnerable Kenyan Citizens in the UNHCR Database Left them at Risk of Statelessness. Retrieved from https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/biometric-purgatory-how-the-double-registration-of-vulnerable-kenyan-citizens-in-the-unhcr-database-left-them-at-risk-of-statelessness/Google Scholar

Hedgecoe, G. (2022). Melilla Migrant Deaths Spark Anger in Spain. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61956104Google Scholar

Hooper, K. (2017). European Leaders Pursue Migration Deals with North African Countries, Sparking Concerns about Human Costs, Washington D.C. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/european-leaders-pursue-migration-deals-north-african-countries-sparking-concerns-aboutGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (2020). Greece: Violence against Asylum Seekers at Border. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/17/greece-violence-against-asylum-seekers-borderGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (2021). UN Shared Rohingya Data Without Informed Consent. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/15/un-shared-rohingya-data-without-informed-consentGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (2022). “Their Faces Were Covered”: Greece’s Use of Migrants as Police Auxiliaries in Pushbacks. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/07/their-faces-were-covered/greeces-use-migrants-police-auxiliaries-pushbacksGoogle Scholar

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2019). Evaluation of the Biometrics (Steady State) and Canada-United States Immigration Information Sharing (IIS) Initiatives. Retrieved from www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations/biometrics-canada-united-states-immigration-information-sharing-initiatives.htmlGoogle Scholar

International Crisis Group. (1997). Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in B-H. Retrieved from www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6d20.htmlGoogle Scholar

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2016). Voting from Abroad Database. Retrieved from www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voting-abroadGoogle Scholar

International Labour Organization. (1998). Labour and Social Issues Relating to Export Processing Zones, Geneva.Google Scholar

International Organization for Migration. (2020). More than 13,000 Migrants Reported Along the Turkish-Greek Border. Retrieved from www.iom.int/news/more-13000-migrants-reported-along-turkish-greek-borderGoogle Scholar

International Organization for Migration. (2021). Turkey: Migrant Presence Monitoring Yearly Report. Retrieved from https://dtm.iom.int/reports/turkey-migrant-presence-monitoring-yearly-report-2021Google Scholar

International Organization for Migration. (2022). Turkey – Migrant Presence Monitoring: Situation Report (March 2022). Retrieved from https://dtm.iom.int/reports/turkey-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-march-2022Google Scholar

International Organization for Migration. (2024). “Mising Migrants Project.” Retrieved from https://missingmigrants.iom.intGoogle Scholar

International Organization for Migration. (2023). US-Mexico Border World’s Deadliest Migration Land Route. Retrieved from www.iom.int/news/us-mexico-border-worlds-deadliest-migration-land-route#Google Scholar

Karadağ, S. (2021). Ghosts of Istanbul: Afghans at the Margins of Precarity. Retrieved from https://gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/attachments/article/193/GHOSTS%20OF%20ISTANBUL%20N.pdfGoogle Scholar

Karadağ, S. & Bahar, İ. (2022). Ending Up in a Cul-de-Sac? Critical Junctures in the EU-Turkey “Deal” on Its Sixth Anniversary. Retrieved from https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20220319-12033776.pdfGoogle Scholar

Karadağ, S. & Üstübici, A. (2021). Protection during Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Periods in Turkey (Turkey Final Report). Retrieved from Horizon 2020 ADMIGOV Project website: www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/project_papers/admigov/protection_during_pre_pandemic_and_covid_19_periods_in_turkeyGoogle Scholar

Karasapan, O. (2022). Ukrainian Refugees: Challenges in a Welcoming Europe. Retrieved from www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2022/10/14/ukrainian-refugees-challenges-in-a-welcoming-europe/Google Scholar

Kessler, P. (2003). Iris Testing of Returning Afghans Passes 200,000 Mark. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2003/10/3f86b4784/Google Scholar

Kimery, A. (2011). First In-Depth Inside Look at Border Patrol’s New National Strategy, Issues and Implementation.Google Scholar

Kittichaisaree, K. & Kuner, C. (2015). The Growing Importance of Data Protection in Public International Law. Retrieved from www.ejiltalk.org/the-growing-importance-of-data-protection-in-public-international-law/Google Scholar

Lacy, R. B. & van Houtum, H. (2022). The Proximity Trap: How Geography is misused in the Differential Treatment of Ukrainian Refugees to hide for the Underlying Global Apartheid in the EUropean Border Regime. Retrieved from www.asileproject.eu/the-proximity-trap-how-geography-is-misused-in-the-differential-treatment-of-ukrainian-refugees-to-hide-for-the-underlying-global-apartheid-in-the-european-border-regime/Google Scholar

Long, K. (2015). From Refugee to Migrant? Labor Mobility’s Protection Potential. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/research/refugee-migrant-labor-mobilitys-protection-potentialGoogle Scholar

Lustgarten, A. [Abrahm] & Waldron, L. (2020). Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable: Americans Are Still Moving There. Retrieved from www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-thereGoogle Scholar

McCarter, M. (2010). CBP Chief Lists 7 Principles for Agency’s Success: Bersin Says Facilitating Trade as Important as Preventing Terror. Retrieved from www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2020-Dec/CBP-Strategy-2021-2026.pdfGoogle Scholar

Mengozzi, P. (2017). Opinion of Advocate General Mengozzi on Case C-638/16 PPU, X and X v État belge (No. EU:C:2017:93). Retrieved from https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=187561&doclang=ENGoogle Scholar

Migration Policy Institute. (2022). U.S. Annual Refugee Resettlement Ceilings and Number of Refugees Admitted: 1980–Present, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-refugee-resettlementGoogle Scholar

Nansen Initiative. (2015). Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change: Volume I. Retrieved from https://disasterdisplacement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PROTECTION-AGENDA-VOLUME-1.pdfGoogle Scholar

Nasr, J. (2019). Asylum Applications in Germany Fall for Second Year in a Row. Retrieved from www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-germany-idUSKCN1PH16EGoogle Scholar

National Immigration Forum. (2022, July 5). Fact Sheet: Temporary Protected Status (TPS). Retrieved from https://immigrationforum.org/article/fact-sheet-temporary-protected-status/Google Scholar

Nauru Government Information Office. (2015, October 7). Nauru Is a Safe Place for Refugees, Says Government. Retrieved from http://naurugov.nr/government-information-office/media-release/nauru-is-a-safe-place-for-refugees,-says-government.aspxGoogle Scholar

Network for Refugee Voices. (2022). Why It Matters. Retrieved from www.networkforrefugeevoices.org/why-it-matters.htmlGoogle Scholar

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2010). Latin American Economic Outlook 2010. Retrieved from www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/leo-2010-enGoogle Scholar

Panayotatos, D. (2021). Undermining Protection in the EU: What Nine Trends Tell Us about the Proposed Pact on Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2021/6/1/undermining-protection-in-the-eu-what-nine-trends-tells-us-about-the-proposed-pact-on-migration-and-asylumGoogle Scholar

Peacock, R. (2021). Atmospheric Pollution Relevant to Asylum Claim, Holds French Court. Retrieved from https://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2021/02/02Google Scholar

Podesta, J. (2019). The Climate Crisis, Migration, and Refugees. Retrieved from www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees/Google Scholar

Połońska-Kimunguyi, E. (2022). War, Resistance and Refuge: Racism and Double Standards in Western Media Coverage of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2022/05/10/war-resistance-and-refuge-racism-and-double-standards-in-western-media-coverage-of-ukraine/Google Scholar

Pro Asyl. (2016, July 7). The Concept of “Safe” Countries: The Right of Asylum under Threat [Press release]. Retrieved from www.proasyl.de/en/pressrelease/the-concept-of-safe-countries-the-right-of-asylum-under-threat/Google Scholar

Ramajo, M. (2022). Pedro Sánchez, Blunt with Morocco: “Ceuta and Melilla are Spain, Full Stop”. Retrieved from www.elnacional.cat/en/world/pedro-sanchez-blunt-with-morocco-ceuta-and-melilla-are-spain_899682_102.htmlGoogle Scholar

Ramasubramanyam, J. (2022). Some Refugees are Welcome, Others Not So Much: Revisiting the “Myth of Difference”. Retrieved from https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/some-refugees-are-welcome-others-not-so-much/Google Scholar

Refugees in Libya. (2021). Manifesto. Retrieved from www.refugeesinlibya.org/manifestoGoogle Scholar

Reuters. (2016). German Spy Agency Says ISIS Sending Fighters Disguised as Refugees. Retrieved from www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-security-idUSKCN0VE0XLGoogle Scholar

Sáiz-Pardo, M. (2022). El Catastro sitúa en territorio español la tragedia de la valla de Melilla en la que murieron decenas de inmigrantes. Retrieved from www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2022/09/21/el-catastro-situa-en-territorio-espanol-la-tragedia-de-la-valla-de-melilla-en-la-que-murieron-decenas-de-inmigrantes-1600804.htmlGoogle Scholar

Sanderson, S. (2022). Moroccan Probe Finds “Asphyxiation” to Be Cause of Migrant Deaths in Melilla Stampede. Retrieved from www.infomigrants.net/en/post/41917/moroccan-probe-finds-asphyxiation-to-be-cause-of-migrant-deaths-in-melilla-stampedeGoogle Scholar

Schmalz, D. (2019). The Principle of Responsibility-Sharing in Refugee Protection. Retrieved from https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/de/the-principle-of-responsibility-sharing-in-refugee-protection/Google Scholar

Selm, J. v. (2001). Access to Procedures: “Safe Third Countries”, “Safe Countries of Origin” and “Time Limits” (Global Consultations on International Protection). Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/protection/globalconsult/3b39a2403/access-procedures-safe-third-countries-safe-countries-origin-time-limits.htmlGoogle Scholar

Shatz, O. & Branco, J. (2019). Communication to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Pursuant to the Article 15 of the Rome Statute; EU Migration Policies in the Central Mediterranean and Libya (2014–2019). Retrieved from www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2019/jun/eu-icc-case-EU-Migration-Policies.pdfGoogle Scholar

Sköld, N. (2021). UNHCR Strengthens Efforts on Digital Identity for Refugees with Estonian Support. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/neu/70493-unhcr-strengthens-efforts-on-digital-identity-for-refugees-with-estonian-support.htmlGoogle Scholar

Statistics Denmark. Folk1b: Population at the First Day of the Quarter by Region, Sex, Age (5 Years Age Groups) and Citizenship. Retrieved from www.statistikbanken.dk/20024Google Scholar

Statistics Finland. (1990–2021). 11rg – Citizenship According to Age and Sex by Region. Retrieved from https://pxweb2.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rg.px/Google Scholar

Statistics Norway. 05196: Population, by Citizenship, Contents and Year. Retrieved from www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/05196/tableViewLayout1Google Scholar

Statistics Sweden. Foreign Citizens by Country of Citizenship, Age and Sex: Year 1973–2021. Retrieved from www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101F/UtlmedbR/Google Scholar

Steinbeis, M. (2023). Lawlessness Law. Retrieved from https://verfassungsblog.de/lawlessness-law/Google Scholar

Svenskar i Världen. (2015). Kartläggning av Utlandssvenskar. Retrieved from www.sviv.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Kartlaggningen_2015_uppdaterad151007.pdfGoogle Scholar

Troger, F. & Tennant, V. (2008). The Use of Cash Grants in UNHCR Voluntary Repatriation Operations: Report of a “Lessons Learned” Workshop. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/research/evalreports/48ecb2e32/use-cash-grants-unhcr-voluntary-repatriation-operations-report-lessons.htmlGoogle Scholar

U.S. Department of State. (2004). The United States Refugee Admissions Program: Reforms for a New Era of Refugee Resettlement. Retrieved from https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/prm/refadm/rls/rpts/36958.htmGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2001, May 31). Global Consultations on International Protection: Asylum Processes (Fair and Efficient Asylum Procedures). Retrieved from www.refworld.org/docid/3b36f2fca.htmlGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2011, June 27). Summary Conclusions: Expert Meeting on International Cooperation to Share Burdens and Responsibilities, Amman, Jordan. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/4ea0105f99.htmlGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). Biometric Identity Management System: Enhancing Registration and Data Management. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/550c304c9.pdfGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2017). Refugee Voices: Closing the Refugee Representation Gap. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/excom/orginfo/59e47f1d7/refugee-voices-closing-refugee-representation-gap.htmlGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2018). Guidance on Registration and Identity Management. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/registration-guidance/Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Resettlement in the United States. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/resettlement-in-the-united-states.html#:~:text=Resettlement%20is%20a%20life%2Dsaving,ultimately%20grant%20them%20permanent%20residence.Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2020). Global Report 2020. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globalreport/Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2021a). Displaced on the Frontlines of the Climate Emergency: From the Sahel to Central America, Climate Change Is Driving Displacement and Increasing the Vulnerability of those Already Forced to Flee. Retrieved from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/065d18218b654c798ae9f360a626d903Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2021b). Report on Activities of the Inspector General’s Office. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/excom/excomrep/5b7aca2d4/report-activities-inspector-generals-office.htmlGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2022a). Global Appeal 2022. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/globalappeal2022/Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2022b). News Comment: UNHCR Warns of Increasing Violence and Human Rights Violations at European Borders. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/news/press/2022/2/62137a284/news-comment-unhcr-warns-increasing-violence-human-rights-violations-european.htmlGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2022c, February 16). People Become Refugees not by Choice but by Circumstance. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/Refugees/status/1493951807479070720Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2023). Figures at a Glance: UNHCR USA. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/us/about-unhcr/who-we-are/figures-glanceGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commission for Refugees. (2024). Ukrainian Emergency. Retrieved from www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/ukraine/Google Scholar

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2020, January 21). Historic UN Human Rights Case Opens Door to Climate Change Asylum Claims [Press release]. Retrieved from www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/01/historic-un-human-rights-case-opens-door-climate-change-asylum-claims#:~:text=Teitiota%27s%20specific%20case%2C%20New%20Zealand%27s,protection%20measures%20were%20put%20inGoogle Scholar

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2023, April 4). Tunisia must Immediately Stop Hate Speech and Violence against Migrants from South of Sahara, UN Committee Issues Early Warning [Press release]. Retrieved from www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/04/tunisia-must-immediately-stop-hate-speech-and-violence-against-migrantsGoogle Scholar

Valmyndigheten. (2018). Valpresentation 2018. Retrieved from https://historik.val.se/val/val2018/alkon/R/rike/alderkon.htmlGoogle Scholar

Walia, H. (2022). There Is No “Migrant Crisis”. Retrieved from www.bostonreview.net/articles/there-is-no-migrant-crisis/Google Scholar

Welfens, N. & Bekyol, Y. (2021). The Politics of Vulnerability in Refugee Admissions under the EU-Turkey Statement. Retrieved from www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.622921/fullCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, J. (2022). Temporary Protected Status and Deferred Enforced Departure, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20844/58Google Scholar

World Bank. (2021). Climate Change Could Force 216 Million People to Migrate Within Their Own Countries by 2050: Press Release. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/09/13/climate-change-could-force-216-million-people-to-migrate-within-their-own-countries-by-2050Google Scholar

Akinwotu, E. & Strzyżyńska, W. (2022, February 28). Nigeria Condemns Treatment of Africans trying to flee Ukraine. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/28/nigeria-condemns-treatment-africans-trying-to-flee-ukraine-government-poland-discrimination#:~:text=The%20Nigerian%20government%20has%20condemned,attempts%20reach%20Poland’s%20border%20checkpointsGoogle Scholar

Arpacik, C. (2022, May 5). 5 soruda “1 milyonluk geri dönüş projesi”nin detayları … Independent Turkish. Retrieved from www.indyturk.com/node/505891/haber/5-soruda-1-milyonluk-geri-d%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F-projesinin-detaylar%C4%B1%E2%80%A6Google Scholar

BBC News. (2022, May 3). Erdoğan, 1 milyon Suriyelinin gönüllü geri dönüşü için hazırlık yaptıklarını söyledi. BBC News. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-61307585Google Scholar

BirGün. (2022, February 22). “Seyreltme” projesinin detayları: 16 il Suriyelilere kapatıldı. BirGün. Retrieved from www.birgun.net/haber/seyreltme-projesinin-detaylari-16-il-suriyelilere-kapatildi-378070Google Scholar

Brady, D. (2022, June 10). Leaders Made Big Climate Promises: They’re Struggling to Follow Through. Washington Post. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/06/10/climate-action-overshoot-commission/Google Scholar

Dalhuisen, J. (2019, March 27). How to Win the Fight Over Europe’s “Refugee Crisis”. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/opinion/eu-election-immigration-refugees.htmlGoogle Scholar

Ellis-Petersen, H. & Baloch, S. M. (2022, May 2). “We Are Living in Hell”: Pakistan and India Suffer Extreme Spring Heatwaves. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/pakistan-india-heatwaves-water-electricity-shortagesGoogle Scholar

Fernandez, M. & Ferman, M. (2019, March 20). Border Patrol Facilities in Texas Are Overflowing, Prompting Mass Releases in Border Cities. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/us/border-migrants.htmlGoogle Scholar

Gibb, F. (2018, April 9). Hundreds Posing as Child Refugees Shown to Be Adults. The Times. Retrieved from www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hundreds-of-refugees-pretended-to-be-children-to-win-asylum-n5bzhfcq9Google Scholar

Hockenos, P. (2018, May 9). Germany’s Secret Labor Experiment. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/opinion/germans-secret-labor-experiment.htmlGoogle Scholar

Horowitz, J. & Pianigiani, G. (2023, November 7). Italian Officials Question Meloni’s Deal with Albania to House Migrants. The New York Times.Google Scholar

Hubbard, B. & Ince, E. (2022, May 4). Turkey’s Plan to Draw Refugees Back to Syria: Homes for 1 Million. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/middleeast/turkey-syria-million-homes.htmlGoogle Scholar

Jordan, M. (2018, January 8). Trump Administration Says that Nearly 200,000 Salvadorans Must Leave. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2018/01/08/us/salvadorans-tps-end.htmlGoogle Scholar

Kanno-Youngs, Z. (2020, August 6). Homeland Security Chief Defends Deployments in Portland. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/us/politics/homeland-security-portland.htmlGoogle Scholar

Kingsley, P. (2018, June 27). Migration to Europe Is Down Sharply: So Is It Still a “Crisis”? The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/06/27/world/europe/europe-migrant-crisis-change.htmlGoogle Scholar

Lind, D. (2023, May 26). The U.S. Keeps Telling People to Come the “Right Way.” They’re Listening. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2023/05/26/opinion/us-asylum-lottery-border.htmlGoogle Scholar

Le Monde. (2022). Drame de Melilla: Ouverture du Procès d’un Premier Groupe de Migrants au Maroc. Retrieved from www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/07/05/drame-de-melilla-ouverture-du-proces-d-un-premier-groupe-de-migrants-au-maroc_6133402_3212.htmlGoogle Scholar

Lu, D. & Flavelle, C. (2019, October 29). Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.htmlGoogle Scholar

Lustgarten, A. [Abraham] & Kohut, M. (2020, July 23). The Great Climate Migration. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/23/magazine/climate-migration.htmlGoogle Scholar

Merchant, B. (2017, June 18). Life and Death in Apple’s Forbidden City. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/18/foxconn-life-death-forbidden-city-longhua-suicide-apple-iphone-brian-merchant-one-device-extractGoogle Scholar

Miroff, N., Sacchetti, M. & Sieff, K. (2023, February 8). Biden Weighs Border Deal that Would Deport Non-Mexicans to Mexico. Washington Post. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/02/08/biden-border-deportations-mexico/Google Scholar

Moyn, S. (2016, May 16). Rights v. Duties: Reclaiming Civic Balance. Boston Review.Google Scholar

Oreskes, N. (2022, November 20). IPCC, You’ve Made Your Point: Humans Are a Primary Cause of Climate Change. Scientific American. Retrieved from www.scientificamerican.com/article/ipcc-youve-made-your-point-humans-are-a-primary-cause-of-climate-change/Google Scholar

O’Toole, M. U.S. and El Salvador Sign Asylum Deal. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-09-20/us-el-salvador-asylum-dealGoogle Scholar

Pianigiani, G., Horowitz, J. & Minder, R. (2018, June 11). Italy’s New Populist Government Turns Away Ship with 600 Migrants Aboard. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/world/europe/italy-migrant-boat-aquarius.htmlGoogle Scholar

Polakow-Suransky, S. (2017, October 12). How Europe’s Far Right Fell in Love with Australia’s Immigration Policy. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/12/how-europes-far-right-fell-in-love-with-australias-immigration-policyGoogle Scholar

Rhodan, M. (2018, November 14). The Number of Asylum Seekers Has Risen by 2,000% in 10 Years: Who Should Get to Stay? Time. Retrieved from https://time.com/longform/asylum-seekers-border/Google Scholar

Rodriguez, S. (2021, January 19). Trump Grants Venezuelans Temporary Legal Status on His Way out. Politico. Retrieved from www.politico.com/news/2021/01/19/trump-venezuela-temporary-legal-status-460524Google Scholar

Sanchez, E. (2019, September 9). Insuficiente presupuesto para refugiados: Comar. El Excelsior. Retrieved from www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/insuficiente-presupuesto-para-refugiados-comar/1335302Google Scholar

Siems, D. (2015, April 9). Wirtschaft sieht Flüchtlinge als Fachkräftereservoir. Welt. Retrieved from www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article139325361/Wirtschaft-sieht-Fluechtlinge-als-Fachkraeftereservoir.htmlGoogle Scholar

Surma, K. (2020, October 1). In Pivotal Climate Case, UN Panel Says Australia Violated Islanders’ Human Rights. Inside Climate News. Retrieved from https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01102022/in-pivotal-climate-case-un-panel-says-australia-violated-islanders-human-rights/Google Scholar

The Local. (2021). Denmark Strikes Tentative Deal with Rwanda on Refugees and Migration. Retrieved from www.thelocal.dk/20210505/denmark-strikes-deal-with-rwanda-on-refugees-and-migration/Google Scholar

Watts, J. (2015, March 11). A Long Way from Home: Syrians Find Unlikely Refuge in Brazil. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/11/syrians-refuge-brazil-latin-america-war-refugeesGoogle Scholar

Zengerle, J. (2019, July 16). How America Got to “Zero Tolerance” on Immigration: The Inside Story. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/magazine/immigration-department-of-homeland-security.htmlGoogle Scholar

Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America for Cooperation in the Examination of Refugee Status Claims from Nationals of Third Countries (2002).Google Scholar

Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of El Salvador For Cooperation in the Examination of Protection ClaimsFederal Register (2020).Google Scholar

Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Guatemala For Cooperation in the Examination of Protection Claims (2019).Google Scholar

Canadian Council for Refugees et al v Minister for Immigration and Minister for Public Safety, No. FC 770 (Canada: Federal Court July 22, 2020).Google Scholar

Case of Mr. A (Cours administrative d’appel, 2ème chambre December 18, 2020) (France).Google Scholar

Council Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on Minimum Standards on Procedures in Member States for Granting and Withdrawing Refugee Status (2005).Google Scholar

Council Resolution of 20 June 1995 on Minimum Guarantees for Asylum Procedures, 74 Official Journal of the European Union (1996).Google Scholar

Damaize-Job v. I.N.S, No. 787 F.2d 1332 (United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit April 21, 1986).Google Scholar

Daniel Billy and others v Australia (Torres Strait Islanders Petition), No. 3624/2019 (CCPR/C/135/D/3624/2019) (United Nations Human Rights Committee).Google Scholar

Danish Company Tax Liability Case, International Law Reports 210.Google Scholar

Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (2013).Google Scholar

European Council (2016, March 18). EU-Turkey Statement [Press release]. Retrieved from www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/Google Scholar

European Parliament and European Council (2013). Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast), 29 June [2013] OJ L180/60-180/95, 2013/32/EU.Google Scholar

Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme (1975–2004). Compilation of Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees: 1975–2004 (Conclusion No. 1–101). Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/41b041534.htmlGoogle Scholar

Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme (1975–2004). Conclusions No. 15 (XXX) of 1979 on Refugees without an Asylum Country. In Compilation of Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees: 1975–2004 (Conclusion No. 1–101).Google Scholar

Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme (1989, October 13). Problem of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Who Move in an Irregular Manner from a Country in Which They Had Already Found Protection: No. 58 (XL). Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/excom/exconc/3ae68c4380/problem-refugees-asylum-seekers-move-irregular-manner-country-already-found.htmlGoogle Scholar

Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme (1998, October 9). Conclusion on International Protection No. 85 (XLIX). Retrieved from www.refworld.org/docid/3ae68c6e30.htmlGoogle Scholar

Federal Register, Asylum Eligibility and Procedural Modifications (2019).Google Scholar

Federal Register, Asylum Eligibility and Procedural Modifications (2020).Google Scholar

Government of Mexico, Ley sobre Refugiados, Protección Complementaria y Asilo Político (2022). Retrieved from www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LRPCAP.pdfGoogle Scholar

Gulla v. Gonzales, No. 498 F.3d 911 (United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit April 11, 2007).Google Scholar

Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy, No. 27765/09 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) February 23, 2012).Google Scholar

IFR (2019). Interim Final Rule on Asylum Eligibility and Procedural Modifications (IFR), 84 Fed. Reg. 33,829 (July 16, 2019).Google Scholar

Immigration Act of 1990 (1990) (United States).Google Scholar

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Cardoza-Fonseca, No. 480 U.S. 421 (U.S. Supreme Court March 9, 1987).Google Scholar

Ioane Teitiota v. New Zealand, No. U.N. Doc CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016 (United Nations Human Rights Committee January 7, 2020).Google Scholar

John Doe et al v. Canada: Case 12.586 (No. 78/11) (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, July 21, 2011).Google Scholar

Justice K.S. Puttaswamy and Another v. Union of India and Others, No. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 494 of 2012 & connected matters (Supreme Court of India).Google Scholar

Ling Huang v. Holder, No. 744 F.3d 1149 (United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit March 12, 2014).Google Scholar

Madhewoo v. The State of Mauritius and Another, No. Privy Council No. 0006 (Supreme Court of Mauritius).Google Scholar

Madhewoo v. The State of Mauritius and Another, No. SCJ 177 (Supreme Court of Mauritius).Google Scholar

Matter of Pula, No. 19 I&N Dec. 467, 474 (B.I.A. 1987) (Board of Immigration Appeals September 22, 1987).Google Scholar

Memedov v North Macedonia, No. 31016/17 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) June 24, 2021).Google Scholar

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933).Google Scholar

MSS v Belgium and Greece, No. 30696/09 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) January 21, 2011).Google Scholar

N. S. (C-411/10) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and M. E. and Others (C-493/10) v Refugee Applications Commissioner and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, No. ECR I-13905 (Court of Justice of the European Union December 21, 2011).Google Scholar

N.D. and N.T. v. Spain [Grand Chamber], No. 8675/15 and 8697/15 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) February 13, 2020).Google Scholar

N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, No. 8675/15 and 8679/15 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) October 3, 2017).Google Scholar

Nubian Rights Forum and Others v. The Hon. Attorney General, No. Consolidated Petitions No. 56, 58 & 59 of 2019 (High Court of Kenya).Google Scholar

Othman (Abu Qatada) v. UK, No. 8139/09 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) January 17, 2012).Google Scholar

R v. Uxbridge Magistrates Court and Another, Ex parte Adimi, No. CO/2533/98; CO/3007/98; CO/2472/98; CO/1167/99 (England and Wales (High Court) July 29, 1999).Google Scholar

Robinson v. The Attorney General of Jamaica, No. Claim No. 2018HCV01788 (Supreme Court of Judicature of Jamaica).Google Scholar

Shahzad v. Hungary, No. 12625/17 (European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) July 8, 2021).Google Scholar

United Nations. (1951, July 28). Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-2.en.pdfGoogle Scholar

United Nations. (1966, December 16). Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Retrieved from www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-relating-status-refugeesGoogle Scholar

United Nations. (1982, December 10). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). 1833 U.N.T.S. 397. Retrieved from www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdfGoogle Scholar

United Nations. (1984, December 10). Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Retrieved from www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading#:~:text=Each%20State%20Party%20shall%20undertake,acquiescence%20of%20a%20public%20officialGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1995). The Concept of ‘Protection Elsewhere’ (No. 1). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/7.1.123CrossRefGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1997). Position on a Harmonized Approach to Questions concerning Host Third Countries, Geneva. reprinted in 3rd International Symposium on the Protection of Refugees in Central EuropeGoogle Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2003). Summary Conclusions on the Concept of “Effective Protection” in the Context of Secondary Movements of Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Lisbon Expert Roundtable, Lisbon 9–10 December 2002.Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Brief of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees before the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in the case East Bay Sanctuary Covenant, et al., v. William P. Barr (“East Bay Sanctuary (II)”), Case No. 3:19-CV-04073, 15 October 2019. Retrieved from www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/amicus/unhcr/2019/en/123048Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2022). General Policy on Personal Data Protection and Privacy.Google Scholar

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2023). Access to Territory, Registration and Documentation. Global Report 2023. Retrieved from https://reporting.unhcr.org/global-report-2023/outcome-areas/access-territory-registration-and-documentationGoogle Scholar

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2020, January 21). Historic UN Human Rights case opens door to climate change asylum claims [Press release]. Retrieved from www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/01/historic-un-human-rights-case-opens-door-climate-change-asylum-claims#:~:text=GENEVA%20(21%20January%202020)%20%E2%80%93,violate%20the%20right%20to%20lifeGoogle Scholar