Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T10:42:42.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Adapting and validating the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for elderly Spanish population

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2019

Teresa Mayordomo ,
Margarita Gutierrez  and
Alicia Sales Open the ORCID record for Alicia Sales [Opens in a new window]
Teresa Mayordomo
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology, Catholic University, Valencia, Spain
Margarita Gutierrez
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education, Catholic University, Valencia, Spain
Alicia Sales*
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Alicia Sales, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia, Spain 46010. Phone: +34 963 983 992; Ext.: 83992; Fax: +34 963864671. Email: alicia.sales@uv.es.
Get access

Abstract

Objectives:

This study aims to adapt and validate the most common measure of self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), in the elderly Spanish population based on the initial one-factor model proposed by the author of the scale.

Design:

The factorial validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis.

Setting:

The study was carried out in the city of Valencia (Spain).

Participants:

A total of 231 elderly people with a mean age 72.68 (SD=8.55).

Measurements:

The participants completed the questionnaire RSES for the validation process, sociodemographic data and Mini-Mental State Examination.

Results:

Confirmatory factor analysis with a five-item structure for the one-factor structure showed good fit indexes (Chi square [5] = 217.20, p < .05; CFI = .965; GFI = .980; RMSEA = .070 [90% confidence interval of RMSEA, .022-.087]), and reliability, as internal consistency, measure with Cronbach’s alpha was .732.

Conclusion:

The adaptation of the RSES showed a unifactorial structure with good internal consistency. This reduced adaptation/version of the scale may facilitate clinical practice and be useful in research in older people.

Keywords

agingself-esteemlife spanstructural equation modelvalidity
Type
Original Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 32 , Issue 2: Issue Theme: Psychological Promoters of Well-Being in Older Adults , February 2020 , pp. 183 - 190
Copyright
© International Psychogeriatric Association 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Eisenberg, N. and Łaguna, M. (2015). On the factor structure of the Rosenberg (1965) General Self-Esteem Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27, 621–635. Doi: 10.1037/pas0000073 10.1037/pas0000073CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atienza, F.L., Moreno, Y. and Balaguer, I. (2000). An analysis of the dimensionality of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in a sample of Valencian adolescents. Revista de Psicología. Universitas Tarraconensis, 22, 29–42.Google Scholar
Baldwin, S.A. and Hoffmann, J.P. (2002). The dynamics of self-esteem: a growth-curve analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 101–113.10.1023/A:1014065825598CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P.B., Lindenberger, U. and Staudinger, U.M. (1998). Life-span theory in developmental psychology. In: Damon, W., Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (pp. 1029–1143). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baranik, L.E., Meade, A.W., Lakey, C.E., Lance, C.E., Hu, C., Hua, W. and Michalos, A. (2008). Examining the differential item functioning of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale across eight countries. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 1867–1904. Doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00372.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P.M. (1995). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software Inc.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: International Quarterly, 1, 5–37.Google Scholar
Boduszek, D., Hyland, P., Dhingra, K. and Mallett, J. (2013). The factor structure and composite reliability of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale among ex- prisoners. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 877–881. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.014 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boduszek, D., Shevlin, M., Mallett, J., Hyland, P. and O’Kane, D. (2012). Dimensionality and construct validity of the Rosenberg self-esteem Scale within a sample of recidivistic prisoners. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 2, 19–25. Doi: 10.1108/20093821211210468 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunner, M., Keller, U., Dierendonck, C., Reichert, M., Ugen, S., Fischbach, A. and Martin, R. (2010). The structure of academic self-concepts revisited: the nested Marsh/Shavelson model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 964–981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushman, B.J., Moeller, S.J. and Crocker, J. (2011). Sweets, sex, or self-esteem? Comparing the value of self-esteem boosts with other pleasant rewards. Journal of Personality, 79, 993–1012. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00712.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobb, S., Brooks, G.H., Kasl, S.V. and Connely, W.E. (1966). The health of the people changing jobs: a description of a longitudinal study. American Journal of Public Health, 56, 1476–1481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corwyn, R.F. (2000). The factor structure of global self-esteem among adolescents and adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 357–379. Doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2291 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danielsson, M. and Bengtsson, H. (2016). Global self-esteem and the processing of positive information about the self. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 325–330. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.014 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamantopoulos, A. and Siguaw, J.A. (2000). Introducing LISREL. London: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, R.E., Boddington, S.J.A. and Funnell, N.J. (2007). Self-report measures of anxiety: are they suitable for older adults? Aging & Mental Health, 11(6), 668–677. Doi: 10.1080/13607860701529916 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiStefano, C. and Motl, R.W. (2006). Further investigating method effects associated with negatively worded items on self-report surveys. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 440–464. Doi: 10.1207/s15328007sem1303_6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnellan, M.B., Trzesniewski, K.H. and Robins, R.W. (2011). Self-esteem: enduring issues and controversies. In: Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Stumm, S. von and Furnham, A. (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences (pp. 718–746). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Finney, S.J. and DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in SEM. In: Hancock, G.R. and Mueller, R.O. (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course (pp. 269–314). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
Folstein, M., Folstein, S. and McHugh, P. (1975). Mini mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinical. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franck, E., de Raedt, R., Barbez, C. and Rosseel, Y. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Psychologica Belgica, 48, 25–35. Doi: 10.5334/pb-48-1-25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromont, A., Haddad, S., Heinmüller, R., Dujardin, B.T. and Casini, A. (2017). Exploring the validity of scores from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in Burundi: a multi-strategy approach. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(4), 316–324. Doi: 10.1080/14330237.2017.1347751 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Broc, G. and Alaphilippe, D. (2015). Relationship between self-esteem and depressive mood in old age: results from a six-year longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 169–174. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giarrusso, R., Mabry, J.B. and Bengtson, V.L. (2001). The aging self in social contexts. In: Binstock, R.H. and George, L.K. (Eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (pp. 295–312). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. Doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, R.B. (1998). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Kuster, F., Orth, U. and Meier, L.L. (2013). High self-esteem prospectively predicts better work conditions and outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 668–675. Doi: 10.1177/1948550613479806 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobo, A., Saz, P. and Marcos, G. (2002). Adaptación del Examen Cognoscitivo Mini-Mental. [Adaptation of the Mini-Mental State Examination]. Madrid: Tea Ediciones (in Spanish).Google Scholar
MacDonald, G. and Leary, M.R. (2012). Individual differences in self-esteem. In: Leary, M.R. and Tangney, J.P. (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (pp. 354–377). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Marsh, H.W. (1996). Positive and negative self-esteem: a substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 810–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, H.W., Parada, R.H. and Ayotte, V. (2004). A multidimensional perspective of relations between self-concept (Self Description Questionnaire II) and adolescent mental health (Youth Self-Report). Psychological Assessment, 16(1), 27–41. Doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, H.W., Scalas, L.F. and Nagengast, B. (2010). Longitudinal tests of competing factor structures for the Rosenberg self-esteem scale: traits, ephemeral artifacts, and stable response styles. Psychological Assessment, 22, 366–381. Doi: 10.1037/a0019225 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, S.L., Parker, P.D., Ciarrochi, J. and Heaven, P.C.L. (2014). Is self-esteem a cause or consequence of social support? A 4-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 85, 1275–1291. Doi: 10.1111/cdev.12176 10.1111/cdev.12176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martín-Albo, J., Núñez, J.L., Navarro, J.G. and Grijalvo, F. (2007). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale: translation and validation in university students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 458–467. Doi: 10.1017/S1138741600006727 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meier, L.L., Orth, U., Denissen, J.J. and Kühnel, A. (2011). Age differences in instability, contingency, and level of self-esteem across the life span. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(6), 604–612. Doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.08.008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meurer, S.T., Luft, C.B., Benedetti, T.R. and Mazo, G.Z. (2012). Construct validity and reliability in Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale for Brazilian older adults who practice physical activities. Motricidade, 8, 5–15. Doi: 10.6063/motricidade.8(4).1548 Google Scholar
Michaelides, M.P., Koutsogiorgi, C. and Panayiotou, G. (2016). Method effects on an adaptation of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in Greek and the role of personality traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 178–188. Doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089248 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michaelides, M.P., Zenger, M., Koutsogiorgi, C., Brähler, E., Stöbel-Richter, Y. and Berth, H. (2016). Personality correlates and gender invariance of wording effects in the German version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 13–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mimura, C. and Griffiths, P. (2007). A Japanese version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale: translation and equivalence assessment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 589–594. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.11.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mirucka, B., Bielecka, U. and Kisielewska, M. (2016). Positive orientation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life in the context of subjective age in older adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 206–210. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orth, U. and Robins, R.W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381–387. Doi: 10.1177/0963721414547414 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orth, U., Maes, J. and Schmitt, M. (2015). Self-esteem development across the life span: a longitudinal study with a large sample from Germany. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 248. Doi: 10.1037/a0038481 10.1037/a0038481CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, U., Robins, R.W. and Widaman, K.F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271. Doi: 10.1037/a0018769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, U., Trzesniewski, K.H. and Robins, R.W. (2010). Self-esteem development from young adulthood to old age: a cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 645–658. Doi: 10.1037/a0018769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reise, S.P., Kim, D.S., Mansolf, M. and Widaman, K.F. (2016). Is the bifactor model a better model or is it just better at modeling implausible responses? Application of iteratively reweighted least squares to the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51, 818–838. Doi: 10.1080/00273171.2016.1243461.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image (Rev. ed.). Middeltown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Ruiz, M.A., Pardo, A. and San Martín, R. (2010). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales [Structural equation modeling]. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31, 34–45 (in Spanish).Google Scholar
Salerno, L., Ingoglia, S. and Coco, G.L. (2017). Competing factor structures of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and its measurement invariance across clinical and non-clinical samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 13–19. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.063 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, P. (2016). Advice on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Birmingham City University: In Progress. Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5013.9766 Google Scholar
Shaw, B.A., Liang, J. and Krause, N. (2010). Age and race differences in the trajectory of self-esteem. Psychology and Aging, 25, 84–94. Doi: 10.1037/a0018242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, R.G., Rosenberg, F. and Rosenberg, M. (1973). Disturbance in the self-image at adolescence. American Sociological Review, 38, 553–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sowislo, J.F. and Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 213–240. Doi: 10.1037/a0028931 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiger, J.H. and Lind, J.C. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society. Iowa City, IA.Google Scholar
Tanaka, J.S. (1993). Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models. In: Bollen, K.A. (Ed.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 10–39). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Tomas, J.M. and Oliver, A. (1999). Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale: two factors or method effects. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 84–98. Doi: 10.1080/10705519909540120 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomás, J.M., Meléndez, J.C., Sancho, P. and Mayordomo, T. (2012). Adaptation and initial validation of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 283–289. Doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullman, J.B. (1996). Structural equation modeling. In: Tabachnick, B. and Fidell, L. (Eds.), Using Multivariate Statistics (pp. 709–812). New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Wagner, J., Gerstorf, D., Hoppmann, C. and Luszcz, M.A. (2013). The nature and correlates of self-esteem trajectories in late life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 139–153. Doi: 10.1037/a0032279 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, J., Hoppmann, C., Ram, N. and Gerstorf, D. (2015). Self-esteem is relatively stable late in life: the role of resources in the health, self-regulation, and social domains. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 136. Doi: 10.1037/a0038338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, J., Lang, F.R., Neyer, F.J. and Wagner, G.G. (2014). Self-esteem across adulthood: the role of resources. European Journal of Ageing, 11, 109–119. Doi: 10.1007/s10433-013-0299-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeigler-Hill, V. (2011). The connections between self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41(3), 157–164. Doi: 10.1007/s10879-010-9167-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar