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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a historical perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2008

Barry Reisberg ,
Steven H. Ferris ,
Alan Kluger ,
Emile Franssen ,
Jerzy Wegiel  and
Mony J. de Leon
Barry Reisberg*
Affiliation:
Aging and Dementia Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A.
Steven H. Ferris
Affiliation:
Aging and Dementia Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A.
Alan Kluger
Affiliation:
Aging and Dementia Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A.
Emile Franssen
Affiliation:
Aging and Dementia Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A.
Jerzy Wegiel
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, U.S.A.
Mony J. de Leon
Affiliation:
Center for Brain Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, U.S.A.
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Barry Reisberg, M.D., Silberstein Aging and Dementia Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York 10016, U.S.A. Phone: +1 212 263 8550; Fax: +1 212 263 6991. Email: barry.reisberg@med.nyu.edu.
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Abstract

Descriptions of dementia can be traced to antiquity. Prichard (1837) described four dementia stages and Kral (1962) described a “benign senescent forgetfulness” condition. The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-III (1980) identified an early dementia stage.

In 1982, the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) were published, which identified dementia antecedents. The CDR 0.5 “questionable dementia” stage encompasses both mild dementia and earlier antecedents. GDS stage 3 described a predementia condition termed “mild cognitive decline” or, alternatively, beginning in 1988, “mild cognitive impairment” (MCI). This GDS stage 3 MCI condition is differentiated from both a preceding GDS stage 2, “subjective cognitive impairment” (SCI) stage and a subsequent GDS 4 stage of mild dementia.

GDS stage 3 MCI has been well characterized. For example, specific clinical concomitants, mental status and psychological assessment score ranges, behavioral and emotional changes, neuroimaging concomitants, neurological reflex changes, electrophysiological changes, motor and coordination changes, and changes in activities, accompanying GDS stage 3 MCI have been described.

Petersen and associates proposed a definition of MCI in 2001 which has been widely used (hereafter referred to as “Petersen's MCI”). Important differences between GDS stage 3 MCI and Petersen's MCI are that, because of denial, GDS stage 3 MCI does not require memory complaints. Also, GDS stage 3 MCI recognizes the occurrence of executive level functional deficits, which Petersen's MCI did not. Nevertheless, longitudinal and other studies indicate essential compatibility between GDS stage 3 MCI and Petersen's MCI duration and outcomes.

Keywords

mild cognitive impairmenthistorydementiaAlzheimer's diseasesubjective cognitive impairmentglobal deterioration scale
Type
MCI CONFERENCE PAPER
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , February 2008 , pp. 18 - 31
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2007

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