Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T01:57:01.286Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nosocomial Viral Infections: II. Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Respiratory Viruses, Herpesviruses, and Hepatitis Viruses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2016

William M. Valenti ,
Robert F. Betts ,
Caroline Breese Hall ,
Jerome F. Hruska  and
R. Gordon Douglas Jr.
William M. Valenti*
Affiliation:
Infection Control Program, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Infectious Diseases Unit and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
Robert F. Betts
Affiliation:
Infection Control Program, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Infectious Diseases Unit and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
Caroline Breese Hall
Affiliation:
Infection Control Program, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Infectious Diseases Unit and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
Jerome F. Hruska
Affiliation:
Infection Control Program, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Infectious Diseases Unit and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
R. Gordon Douglas Jr.
Affiliation:
Infection Control Program, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Infectious Diseases Unit and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
*
University of Rochester Medical Center, Box MED, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article reviews the most likely mechanisms of transmission of the commonly encountered respiratory viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, rhinovirus), herpesviruses, and hepatitis viruses, and presents the guidelines used currently for prevention and control that are in use at Strong Memorial Hospital.

Type
Review Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , May/June 1980 , pp. 165 - 182
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Spengler, RF, Greenough, WB. Hospital costs and mortality attributed to nosocomial bacteremia. JAMA 1978;240:2455.Google Scholar
2. Green, JW, Wenzel, RP. Postoperative wound infection: A controlled study of the increased duration of hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization. Ann Surg 1977;185:264–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Wenzel, RP, Deal, EC, Hendley, JO. Hospital-acquired viral respiratory illness on a pediatric ward. Pediatrics 1977;60:367–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Valenti, WM, Menegus, MA, Hall, CB, Douglas, RG Jr. Nosocomial viral illnesses. I: Epidemiology and significance. Infection Control 1980;1:33–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Douglas, RG, Betts, RF, Hruska, JF, Hall, CB. Epidemiology of nosocomial viral infections. In: Weinstein, L (ed): Seminars in Infectious Diseases. New York, Stratton, 1979.Google Scholar
6. Douglas, RG Jr: Respiratory diseases. In: Galasso, GJ, et al. (eds): Antiviral Agents and Viral Diseases of Man. New York, Raven Press, 1979.Google Scholar
7. Blumenfeld, HL, Kilbourne, ED, Louria, DB, Roberts, DE. Studies on influenza in the pandemic of 1957-1958. I. An epidemiologic, clinical and serologic investigation of an intrahospital epidemic with a note on vaccine efficacy. J Clin Invest 1959;38:199–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Boger, WP, Frankel, JW. Asian influenza: Isolated outbreak within a large closed population. Am J Pub Health 1962;52:834–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Mathur, U, Bentley, DW, Hall, CB: Concurrent RSV and influenza A infection in the institutionalized elderly and chronically ill. Ann Int Med (in press).Google Scholar
10. Hall, CB, Douglas, RG Jr. Nosocomial influenza as a cause of intercurrent fever in infants. Pediatrics 1975;55:673–77.Google Scholar
11. Hoffman, PC, Dixon, RE. Control of influenza in the hospital. Ann Int Med 1977;87:725.Google Scholar
12. Douglas, RG Jr. Influenza in man. In: Kilbourne, ED (ed): The Influenza Viruses and Influenza. New York, Academic Press, 1975.Google Scholar
13. Parkman, PD, Galasso, GH, Top, FH, Noble, GR. Summary of clinical trials of influenza vaccines. J Infect Dis 1976;134:100–07.Google Scholar
14. O'Donoghue, JM, Ray, CG, Terry, DW, Beaty, HN. Prevention of nosocomial influenza with amantadine. Am J Epidemiol 1973;97:276–82.Google Scholar
15. Stanley, ED, Muldoon, RE, Akers, LW, Jackson, GG. Evaluation of antiviral drugs: The effect of amantadine on influenza in volunteers. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965;130:44–51.Google Scholar
16. Muldoon, RL, Stanley, ED, Jackson, GG. Use and withdrawal of amantadine chemoprophylaxis during epidemic influenza A. Am Rev Resp Dis 1976;133:487–91.Google Scholar
17. Van Voris, LP, Hayden, FC, Betts, RF, Douglas, RG Jr, Christmas, WA. Oral amantadine and rimantidine therapy of natural influenza A/USSR/77 H1N1. Abstract, 18th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct 1978.Google Scholar
18. Hall, CB, Douglas, RG Jr, Geiman, JM, Messner, MK. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1343–46.Google Scholar
19. Hall, CB, Geiman, JM, Douglas, RG Jr, Meagher, MP. Control of nosocomial RSV infections. Pediatrics 1978;62:728–32.Google Scholar
20. Chanock, RM, Kim, HW, Vargosko, AJ, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus I. Virus recovery and other observations during 1960outbreak of bronchiolitis, pneumonia and respiratory diseases in children. JAMA 1961;176:647–53.Google Scholar
21. Gardner, PS, Court, SDM, Brocklenbank, JT, et al. Virus cross infection in pediatric wards. Br Med J 1975;2:571–75.Google Scholar
22. Hall, CB. The sheddingand spreadingof respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr Res 1977;11:236–39.Google Scholar
23. Hall, CB. Douglas, RG Jr, Geiman, JM. Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis 1980;141:98–102.Google Scholar
24. Hall, CB, Steinhoff, MC, Douglas, RG Jr. Infectivity of respiratory syncytial virus by various routes of inoculation. Pediatr Res 1979;13:814A.Google Scholar
25. Hall, CB, Kopelman, AE, Douglas, RG Jr, Geiman, JM, Meagher, MP. Neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection. N Engl J Med 1979;300:393–96.Google Scholar
26. Gardner, PS, Turk, DC, Aherne, WA, et al. Deaths associated with respiratory tract infection in childhood. Br Med J 1967;4:316–20.Google Scholar
27. Center for Disease Control. Parainfluenza outbreaks in extended-care facilities. Morbid Mortal Weekly Report 1978;27:475–76.Google Scholar
28. De Fabritus, AM, Riggio, RR, David DSetal. Parainfluenza type3 in a transplant unit. JAMA 1979;241:384–85.Google Scholar
29. Mufson, MA, Mocega, HE, Krause, HE. Acquisition of parainfluenza 3 virus infection by hospitalized children. I. Frequencies, rates and temporal data. J Infect Dis 1973;128:141–47.Google Scholar
30. Hendley, JP, Wenzel, RP, Gwaltney, JM. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. N Engl J Med 1973;288:1362–64.Google Scholar
31. McNamara, MJ, Phillips, IA, Williams, OB. Viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of chronic lung disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1969;100:19–24.Google ScholarPubMed
32. Gwaltney, JM, Mosalski, PB, Hendley, JO. Hand to hand transmission of rhinovirus. Ann Int Med 1978;88:453–67.Google Scholar
33. Hendley, JO, Mika, LA, Gwaltney, JM. Evaluation of virucidal compounds for inactivation of rhinovirus on hands. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978;14:690–94.Google Scholar
34. Weiler, TH. The cytomegaloviruses: Ubiquitous agents with protean clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med 1971;285:203-14, 267-74.Google Scholar
35. Weiler, TH. Varicella-herpes zoster virus. In: Evans, AS (ed): Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. New York, Plenum Medical Book Co, 1976.Google Scholar
36. Betts, RF, Freeman, RB, Douglas, RG Jr, Talley, TE. Clinical manifestations of renal allograft derived primary cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Dis Child 1977;131:759–63.Google Scholar
37. Wentworth, BB, Alexander, ER. Seroepidemiology of infections due to members of the herpes virus group. Am J Epidemiol 1971;94:496–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Meyers, JD, MacQuarrie, MB, Merigan, TC, Jennison, MH. Nosocomial varicella—Part 1: Outbreak in oncology patients at a children's hospital. West J Med 1979;130:196–99.Google Scholar
39. Gordon, JE. Chickenpox: An epidemiology review. Am J Med Sci 1962;244:362–89.Google Scholar
40. Leclair, JM, Zaia, JA, Levin, MJ, et al. Airborne transmission of chickenpox in a hospital. N Engl J Med 1980;302:450–53.Google Scholar
41. Hayden, GF, Meyers, JD, Dixon, RE. Nosocomial varicella Part II: Suggested guidelines for management. West J Med 1979;130:300–03.Google ScholarPubMed
42. Gershon, AA, Kalter, ZG, Steinberg, S. Detection of antibody to varicella-zoster virus by immune adherence hemmaglutination. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1976;151:762–65.Google Scholar
43. Zaia, JA, Oxman, MN. Antibody to varicella-zoster virus-induced membrane antigen: Immunofluorescence assay using monodisperse glutaraldehyde target cells. J Infect Dis 1977;136:519–30.Google Scholar
44. Berlin, BS, Campbell, T. Hospital-acquired herpes zoster following exposure to chickenpox. JAMA 1970;211:1831-33.Google Scholar
45. Ross, AH. Modification of chickenpox in family contacts by administration of gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 1962;267:369–76.Google Scholar
46. Foley, FD, Greenwald, KA, Nash, MC, Pruitt, BA. Herpes virus infection in burned patients. N Engl J Med 1970;282:652–56.Google Scholar
47. Naragi, S, Jackson, GG, Jonasson, OM. Viremia with herpes simplex type 1 in adults. Ann Int Med 1976;85:165–69.Google Scholar
48. Stern, H, Elek, SD, Millar, DM, Anderson, HF. Herpetic whitlow, a form of cross-infection in hospitals. Lancet 1959;2:871–74.Google Scholar
49. Blank, H, Haines, HC. Experimental reinfection with herpes simplex virus. J Invest Dermatol 1973;61:223–25.Google Scholar
50. Hooton, TM, Keenylside, RG, Adams, G, et al. Epidemiologic and laboratory evaluation of clusters of nosocomial herpes virus hominis infection in hospital personnel. Abstract #129, 17th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. New York, Oct 1977.Google Scholar
51. Linneman, CC Jr, Buchman, TG, Light, IG, et al. Transmissions of herpes simplex virus type I in a nursery for the newborn: Identification of viral isolates by DNA fingerprinting. Lancet 1978;1:964–66.Google Scholar
52. Nahmias, AN, Josey, WE, Naib, ZM, et al. Perinatal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971;110:825–37.Google Scholar
53. Schreiner, RL, Kleinman, MB, Gresham, EL. Maternal oral herpes: Isolation policy. Pediatrics 1979;63:247–49.Google Scholar
54. Kibrick, S. Herpes simplex infection at term: What to do with mother, newborn, and nursery personnel. JAMA 1980;243:157–60.Google Scholar
55. Yaeger, AS. Longitudinal serological study of cytomegalovirus in nurses and personnel without patient contact. J Clin Microbiol 1975;2:448–52.Google Scholar
56. Betts, RF, Cestero, RVM. Freeman, RB, Douglas, RG Jr. Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection in end stage renal disease. J Med Virol 1979;4:89–96.Google Scholar
57. Tolkoff-Rubin, NE, Rubin, RH, Keller, EE, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in dialysis patients and personnel. Ann Int Med 1978;89:625–28.Google Scholar
58. Lang, DJ, Ebert, PA, Rodgers, BM, et al. Reduction of posttransfusion cytomegalovirus infections following use of leukocyte-depleted blood. Transfusion 1977;17:391–95.Google Scholar
59. Betts, RF, Freeman, RB. Douglas, RG Jr, Talley, TE, et al. Transmission of cytomegalovirus infection with renal allograft. Kidney Internat 1975;8:385–92.Google Scholar
59a. Fiala, M, Payne, JE, Berne, TV, Moore, TC, et al. Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection after transplantation and immunosuppression. J Infect Dis 1975;132:421–33.Google Scholar
60. Ho, M, Suwansirikul, S, Dowling, JN. Youngblood, LA, et al. The transplanted kidney as a source of CMV infection. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1109–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61. Turner, AR, MacDonald, RN, Cooper, BA. Transmission of infectious mononucleosis by transfusion of pre-illness serum. Ann Int Med 1972;77:751–53.Google Scholar
62. Corey, L, Stamm, WE, Feorino, PM, et al. HBsAg-negative hepatitis in a hemodialysis unit—relation to Epstein Barr Virus. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1273–78.Google Scholar
63. Rakela, J, Mosley, JW. Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in humans. J Infect Dis 1977;135:933.Google Scholar
64. Denstag, JL, Feinstone, SM, Kapikian, AZ, et al. Fecal shedding of hepatitis A antigen. Lancet 1975;1:765–67.Google Scholar
65. Matthew, EB, Sietzman, DE, Madden, DL, et al. A major epidemic of infectious hepatitis in an institution for the mentally retarded. Am J Epidemiol 1973;98:199–215.Google Scholar
66. Ward, R, Krugman, S, Giles, JP, et al. Infectious hepatitis. Studies of its natural history and prevention. N Engl J Med 1958;258:407–16.Google Scholar
67. Szmuness, W, Purcell, RH, Dienstag, JL, Stevens, CE. Antibody to hepatitis A antigen in institutionalized mentally retarded patients. JAMA 1977;237:1702–05.Google Scholar
68. Osierholm, M, Andrews, JS. Viral hepatitis in hospital personnel in Minnesota: Report of a statewide survey. Minnesota Med 1979;62:683–89.Google Scholar
69. Center for Disease Control. Outbreak of viral hepatitis in the staff of a pediatrics ward—California. Morbid Mortal Weekly Report 1977;26:77–78.Google Scholar
70. Cliver, DO. Implications of food borne hepatitis. Public Health Reports 1966;81:159–65.Google Scholar
71. Eisenstein, AB, Aach, RD, Jacobsohn, W, et al. An epidemie of infectious hepatitis in a general hospital: Probable transmission by contaminated orange juice. JAMA 1963;185:171–74.Google Scholar
72. Meyers, JD, Romm, FJ, Then, WS, Bryan, JA. Food-borne hepatitis A in a general hospital. JAMA 1975;231:1049–53.Google Scholar
73. Favero, MS, Maynard, JE, Leger, RT, et al. Guidelines for the care of patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis. Ann Im Med 1979;91:872–76.Google Scholar
74. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Immune globulins for protection against viral hepatitis. Morbid Mortal Weekly Report 1977;26:425-28, 441-42.Google Scholar
75. Hoofnagle, JH, Seeff, LB, Bales, ZB, Wright, EC, et al. Passive-active immunity from hepatitis B immune globulin: Reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study of needle stick hepatitis. Ann Int Med 1979;91:813–18.Google Scholar
76. Reesink, HW, Reesink-Brongers, EE, Raefeber-Schut, BJT, et al. Prevention of chronic HBsAg carrier state in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers by hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Lancet 1979;2:436.Google Scholar
77. Seeff, LB, Wright, EC, Zimmerman, HJ, Alter, HJ, et al. Type B hepatitis after needle stick exposure: Prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin. Ann Int Med 1978;88:285–93.Google Scholar
78. Grady, GF, Lee, VA, Prince, AM, Gitnick, GL, et al. Hepatitis B immune globulin for accidental exposures among medical personnel: Final report of a multicenter controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1978;138:625–37.Google Scholar
79. Grady, GF, Lee, VA. Prevention of hepatitis from accidental exposure among medical workers. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1067–70.Google Scholar
80. Seeff, LB, Hoofnagle, JH. Immunoprophylaxis of viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1979;77:161–82.Google Scholar
81. Prince, AM. Use of hepatitis B immune globulin: Reassessment needed. N Engl J Med 1978;299:198–99.Google Scholar
82. Mosley, JW, Redeker, AG, Feinstone, SM, et al. Multiple hepatitis viruses in multiple attacks of acute viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1977;296:75–78.Google Scholar
83. Meyers, JD, Dienstag, JL, Purcell, RH, Thomas, ED, Holmes, KK. Parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: An epidemic reassessed. Ann Int Med 1977;87:57–59.Google Scholar
84. Villarejos, VM, Visona, KA, Eduarte, CA, et al. Evidence for viral hepatitis other than type A or B among persons in Costa Rica. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1350–52.Google Scholar
85. Hoofnagle, JH, Gerety, RJ, Tabor, E, Feinstone, SM. Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Int Med 1977;87:14–20.Google Scholar
86. Center for Disease Control. Hepatitis-Control measures for hepatitis B in dialysis centers. Viral Hepatitis Investigations and Control Service. November. 1977.Google Scholar
87. Szmuness, W, Dienstag, JL. Purcell, RH, et al. Hepatitis A and hemodialysis. Ann Int Med 1977;87:8–12.Google Scholar
88. Garibaldi, RA, Bryan, JA, Forrest, JN, et al. Hemodialysis associated hepatitis. JAMA 1973;225:384–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89. Szmuness, W, Prince, AM, Grady, GF, et al. Hepatitis B infection: A point prevalence study in 15 U.S. hemodialysis centers. JAMA 1974;227:901–06.Google Scholar
90. Snydman, DR, Bryan, JA, Macon, EJ, Gregg, MB. Hemodialysis associated hepatitis: Report of an epidemic with further evidence on mechanisms of transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:563–70.Google Scholar
91. Snydman, DR, Bryan, JA, London, WT, et al. Transmission of hepatitis B associated with hemodialysis: Role of malfunction (blood leaks) in dialysis machines. J Infect Dis 1976;134:562–70.Google Scholar
92. Postie, B, Shreiner, DP, Hanchett, JE, Atchison, RW. Containmentof hepatitis B virus infection in a hemodialysis unit. J Infect Dis 1978;138:884–89.Google Scholar