Alper, T. B. & Kranzler, C. D. (1970) A comparison of the effectiveness of behavioral and client-centered approaches for the behavior problems of elementary school children. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling 5:35–43. [taLP]Google Scholar

Andrews, G., Guitar, B. & Howie, p. (1980) Meta-analysis of the effects of stuttering treatment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 45:287–307. [CA]Google Scholar

Andrews, G. & Harvey, R. (1981 a) Does psychotherapy benefit neurotic patients? A reanalysis of the Smith, Glass, and Miller data. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:1203–8. [CA, NBr, RPC]Google Scholar

Andrews, G. (1981 b) Regression to the mean in pretreatment measures of stuttering severity. journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 46:204–7. [GA]Google Scholar

Andrews, G., MacMahon, S. W., Austin, A. & Byrne, D. B. (1982) Hypertension: A comparison of drug and nondrug treatments. British Medical Journal 284: 1523–26. [GA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baer, D. M. & Stolz, S. B. (1978) A descriptioms of the Erhard seminars training (est) in the terms of behavior analysis. Behaciorisin 6: 45–70. [JDF]Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Reciew 84: 191–215. [E E]Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1978). The self system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist 33: 344–58. [EE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, T. X. (1969) Hypnosis: A scientific approach. Van Nostrand- Reinhold. [JMF]Google Scholar

Barber, T. X., Spanos, N. P. & Chaves, J. F. (1974) Hypnotism: Imagination and hutnan potentialities. Pergamon. [JMF]Google Scholar

Bergin, A. E. & Lainbert, M. J. (1978) The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. In: Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis, ed. Garfield, S. L. & Bergin, A. E., pp. 139–89. Wiley. [taLP, TLR]Google Scholar

Bootzin, R. R. & Lick, J. R. (1979) Expectancies in therapy research: Interpretive artifact or mediating mechanism? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47:852–55. [DSC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brill, N. Q., Koegler, R. R., Epstein, L. J. & Forgy, E. W. (1964) Controlled study of psychiatric outpatient treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 10:581–95. [CA, RPC. tarLP]Google Scholar

Brody, N. (1983) Human motivation: Commentary on goal-directed action. New York: Academic Press. [rNB]Google Scholar

Bruce, J. (1971) The effects of group counseling on selected vocational rehabilitation clients. Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University. [taLP]Google Scholar

Bruyere, D. H. (1975) The effects of client centered and behavioral group counseling on classroom behavior and self concept of junior high school students who exhibited disruptive classroom behavior. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon. [DSC, taLP]Google Scholar

Catanese, R. A., Rosenthal, T. L. & Kelley, J. E. (1978) Strange bedfellows: Reward, punishment, and impersonal distraction strategies in treating dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research 3:229–305. [TLH]Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. & Kline, P. (1977) The scientific analysis of personality and motivation. Academic Press. [PK]Google Scholar

Chertok, L. N. & Fontaine, M. (1963) Psychosomatics in Veterinary Medicine. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 7:229–35. [TAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coche, E. & Douglas, A. A. (1977) Therapeutic effects of problem-solving training and play-reading groups.journal of Clinical Psychology 33:820–27. [GVG, taLP]Google Scholar

Coche, E. & Flick, A. (1975) Problem-solving training groups for hospitalized patients. journal of Psychology 91:19–29. [GVG, taLP]Google Scholar

Cohen, J. (1969) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press. [taLP]Google Scholar

Coinas-Diáz, L. (1981) Effects of cognitive and behavioral group treatment on the depressive syinptomatology of Puerto Rican women. journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 49:627–32. [GVG, tarLP]Google Scholar

Conley, J. J. (1982) Longitudinal consistency of adult personality: Neuroticismn and social introversion-extroversion over forty-five years. Unpublished manuscript, Wesleyan University, Department of Psychology. [rNB]Google Scholar

Cook, T. D. & Leviton, L. C. (1980) Reviewing the literature: A comparison of traditional methods with meta-analysis. Journal of Personality 48:449–72. [DAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cordray, D. S. & Orwin, R. C. (1983) Facilitating the quality of research: Interconnections among primary research, secondary analysis aisd quantitative syisthesis. In: Evaluation studies reeiew annual, ed. Light, R.. Sage Publications (in press). [DSC]Google Scholar

Desrats, R. G. (1975) The effects of developmental and modeling group counseling on adolescents in childcare institutionsM. Ph.D. dissertation, Lehigh University. [taLP]Google Scholar

DiLoreto, A. O. (1971) Comparative psychology. Aldine-Atherton. [JDF, taLP, DAS]Google Scholar

Dohrenwend, B. P., Oksenberg, L., Shrout, P. E., Dohrenwemid, B. S. &Cook, D. (1982) what brief psychiatric screening scales measure. In:Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference on health Survey Research Methods, May, 1979, ed. Suclman, S.. National Center for Health Services Statistics, in press. [JDF]Google Scholar

Duncan, J. W. & Laird, J. D. (1980) Positive and reverse placebo effects as a function of differences in cues used in self-perception. journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39:1024–36. [taLP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durlac, J. A. (1979) Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers. Psychological Bulletin 86:80–92. [tarLP]Google Scholar

Bandura, A.(1952) The effects of Psyclsotherapy: An evaluation. journal of Consulting Psychology 16:319–24. [HJE, taLP]Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1966) The effects of psychotherapy. International Science Press. [taLP, DAS]Google Scholar

Bandura, A.(1978) An exercise in mega-silliness. American Psychologist 33:517. [taLP]Google Scholar

(in press a) Meta-analysis. An abuse of research integration. Journal of Special Education. [HJE]Google Scholar

(in press b) Special review: The benefits of psychotherapy. A battlefield revisited. Behaviour Research and Therapy. [rNB. HJE]Google Scholar

Fish, J. M. (1973) Placebo therapy. Jossey-Bass. [JMF]Google Scholar

Fisher, S. & Creenberg, R. P. (1977) The scientific credibility of Freud's theories and therapy. Basic Books. [BPC]Google Scholar

Foster, J. C. (1971) Enquiry into the practice and effects of scientology. H.M.S.O. [MS]Google Scholar

Frank, J. D. (1973) Persuasion and healing: A comparatice study of psychotherapy. Rev. ed. Johns Hopkins Press. [JMF]Google Scholar

Frank, J. D. (1974) Therapeutic components of psychotherapy. journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 159:325–42. [MNE]Google Scholar

Frank, J. D. (1978) Expectation and therapeutic outcome – the placebo effect and the role induction interview. In: Effective ingredients of successful psychotherapy, ed Frank, J. D., Hoehn-Saric, H., Imber, S. D.Liberman, B. L. & Stone, A. R., pp. 1–34. Brunner/Mazel. [JDF]Google Scholar

Garfield, S. L. (1980) Psychotherapy: A 40-year appraisal. American Psychologist 36:174–83. [SLC]Google Scholar

(in press) The effectiveness of psychotherapy: TIse perennial controversy. Professional Psychology. [S LC]Google Scholar

Gillan, P. & Rachman, S. (1974) An experimental investigation of desensitization and phobic patients. British journal of Psychology 124:392–401. [CA, EE, SLC, tarLP, TLR]Google Scholar

Gist, R. & Stolz, S. B. (1982) Mental health promotion and the media: Community response to the Kansas City hotel disaster. American Psychologist 37:1136–39. [BM]Google Scholar

Class, C. V. & Kliegl, B. M. (1982) An apology for research integration in the study of psychotherapy. journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 50 (in press). [GVG]Google Scholar

Grande, L. M. (1975) A comparison of rational-emotive therapy, attention placebo and no-treatment groups in the reduction of interpersonal anxiety. Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University. [JDF, taLP, TLH]Google Scholar

Greenberg, R. P. & Staller, J. (1981) On personal therapy for therapists. American Journal of Psychiatry 138:1467–71. [RPG]Google ScholarPubMed

Grünbaum, A. (1981) The placebo concept. Behauior Research and Therapy 19:157–67. [MNE, tarLP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haley, J. (1977) Uncomnwn therapy: The psychiatric techniques of Milton II. Erickson. Norton. [taLP]Google Scholar

Hedges, L. V. (1981) Distribution theory for Class's estimator of effect size and related estimators.journal of Educational Statistics 6:107–28. [LVH, taLP, RH]Google Scholar

Hedges, L. V. (1982 a) Estimation of effect size from a series of independent experiments. Psychological Bulletin 92:490–99. [LVH, RB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hedges, L. V. (1982 b) Fitting categorical models to effect sizes from a series of experiments.journal of Educational Statistics 7:119–37. [LVH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hedquist, F. S. & Weimshold, B. K. (1970) Behavioral group counseling with socially anxious and unassertive college students.journal of Counseling Psychology 17:237–42. [taLP]Google Scholar

Herman, B. (1972) An investigation to determine the relationship of anxiety and reading disability and to study the effects of group anti individual counseling on reading improvement. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico. [taLP]Google Scholar

Hogan, D. (1980) The regulation of psychotherapists, vol. 1. Ballinger. [MS]Google Scholar

Hogan, H. A. & Kirchner, J. H. (1968) Implosive, eclectic, verbal and bibliotherapies in the treatment of fears of snakes. Behaeior Research and Therapy 6:167–71. [taLP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

House, R.M. (1970) The effects of nondirective group play therapy upon the sociometric status and self-concept of selected second grade children. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University. [LVH, taLP]Google Scholar

Janov, A. (1970) Pri owl therapy: The cure for neurosis. Putnam. [JDF]Google Scholar

Jarinon, D. D. (1972) Differential effectiveness of rational-emotive therapy, bibliotherapy and attention–placebo in the treatment of speech anxiety. Ph.D. dissertation. Southern Illinois University. [SLG, taLP]Google Scholar

Jong, K. (1977) Hotc to sace your own life. Secker & Warburg. [GA]Google Scholar

Kahiwmamm, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982) Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press. [rNB]Google Scholar

Kandel, E. R. (1979) Psychotherapy and the single synapse: The impact of chiatric thought on neurobiologic research. New England Journal of Medicine 301:1028–37. [DF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kazdin, A. E. (1980) Research design in clinical psychology. Harper & How. [AEK, GTW]Google Scholar

Kazdin, A. E. & Wilson, G. T. (1978) Ecaluation of behacior therapy: Issues, eridence and research strategies. Ballinger. [GTW]Google Scholar

Kazrin, A., Durac, J. & Agteros, T. (1979) Meta-analysis: a new method for evaluating therapy outcome. Behariour Research and Therapy 17:397–99. [GA]Google Scholar

Kiesler, D. J. (1966) Some myths of psychotherapy research and time search for a paradigm. Psychological Bulletiu 65:110–36. [PK, GTW]Google Scholar

Kirsch, I. & Henry, D. (1977) Extinction versus credibility in the desensitization of test anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 45:1052–59. [TLR]Google Scholar

Klein, D. F. (1981) Auxiety miscouceistualized. In: Anxiety, new research and changing concepts, ed. Klein, D. F. & Rabkin, J. C., pp. 235–63. Raven Press. [JDF]Google Scholar

Kline, P. (1981) Fact and fantasy in Freudian theroy. 2nd cc1. Metlmsien. [PK]Google Scholar

Landnsau, J. T. & Dawes, R. M. (1982) Psychotherapy outcome: Smith and Glass' conclusions stand up under scrutiny. American Psychologist 37:504–16. [CA, RPC, SLC. taLP, RB]Google Scholar

Lester, B. G. (1973) A comparison of relationship counseling and relationship counseling combined with modified systematic desensitization in reducing test anxiety in middle school pupils. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia. [taLP]Google Scholar

Lick, J. B. & Bootzin, R. R. (1975) Expectancy factors in the treatment of fear: Methodological ansi theoretical issues. Psychological Bulletin 82:917–31. [DSC]Google Scholar

London, P. & Klerman, C. L. (1982) Evaluating psychotherapy. American Journal ef Psychiatry 139:709–17. [BM]Google Scholar

Lorr, M, McNair, D. M. & Weinstein, G. J. (1963) Early effects of chlordiazepoxide' (Librium) used with psychotherapy. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1:257–70. [GA, NINE, RPG, taLP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Luborsky, L., Chandler, M., Auerbach, A. H., Cohen, J. & Bachraclm, H. M.Factors influencing the outcome of psychotherapy: A review of quantitative research. Psychological Bulletin 75:145–85. [ RPG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luborsky, L., Nliittz, J., Aucrbacls, A., Christoph, P., Bachrach, H., Todd, T., Johnson, M., Cohen, M. & O'Brien, C. (1980) Predicting the outcome of psychotherapy: Findings of the Penn psychotherapy project. Archiites of General Psychiatry 37:471–81. [ H D]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lykken, D. T. (1982) Research with tsvins: The concept of emergenesis. Psychophysiology 19:361–373. [rNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Maher, B. A. (1981) Mandatory insurance coverage for psychotherapy: A tax on the subscriber and a subsidy to the practitioner. Clinical Psychologist 1:9–12. [BM]Google Scholar

Malan, D. (1959) On assessing the results in psychotherapy. British journal of Medical Psychology 32:86–105. [PK]Google Scholar

Marks, J. (1981) Behavioral treatment and drugs in anxiety symptoms. In:Anxiety, new research and changing concepts, ed. Klein, D. F. & Habkin, J. C., pp. 265–89. Haven Press. [JDF]Google Scholar

Matthews, D. B. (1972) The effects of reality therapy on reported self- concept, social adjustment, reading achievement, and discipline of fourth and fifth grades in two elementary schools. Pim. D. dissertation, University of Sommthermm California. [taLP]Google Scholar

MlcClynn, F. D., Kinjo, K. & Doherty, C. (1978) Effects of cue-controlled relaxation, a placebo treatment, and no treatment on changes in self– reporte'cl test anxiety among college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology 34:707–14. [TLH]Google Scholar

McLean, P. D. & Hakstian, A. H. (1979) Clinical depression: Comparative eflIcacv of outpcmtie-nt treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47:818–36. [GA, rNB, NINE, GVG, taLP]Google Scholar

Mechl, P. K. (1955) Psychotherapy. Annual Reciew of Psychology 6:357–79, [taLP]Google Scholar

Meichenbaum, D. H., Gilmore, J. B. & Fecloraviciotis, . (1972) Group insight versus group desensitization in treating speech anxiety. In: Psychotherapy 1971, ed. Matarazzo, J. D.. pp. 513–23. Aldine-Atherton. [JDF, taLP]Google Scholar

Meltzoff, J. & Kornreich, M. (1970) Research in psychotherapy. AlelineAtherton. [SLG, taLP]Google Scholar

Milgram, S. (1974) Obedience to authority. Harper and How. [rNB]Google Scholar

Miller, J. (1978) The body in question. Random House. [TAS]Google Scholar

Morgan, R., Luborsky, L., Crits-Christoph, P., Curtis, H. & Solomon, J. (1982) Predicting the outcomes of psychotherapy by the Penn helping alliance rating method. Archiees of General Psychiatry 39:397–402. [HD]Google Scholar

Mommntcastle, V. B. (1975) The view from within: Pathways to the study of perception. Johns hopkins Medical journal 136:109–31. [J DF]Google Scholar

Mtmrdock, M. N. (1982) A meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome research: “Sentence first – verdict afterwards?” Honors thesis, Wesleyan University. [taLP]Google Scholar

Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. DeC. (1977) Telling more than we cats know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Reciew 84:231–259. [rNB]Google Scholar

Orlov, L. (1972) An experimental stmmdy of the effects of group coummseling with behavior problem children at time elemeistary school level. Ph. D. dissertatiomm, The Catholic Ummiversity of America. [taLP]Google Scholar

Parloff, M. B. (1979) Camm psychotherapy research guide time policyimmaker? American Psychologist 34:296–306. [MS]Google Scholar

Parloff, M. B. (1980) Psychotherapy and research: Aim ammaclitic depression. Psychiatry 43:279–93. [JDF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parloff, M. B. (1982) Psychotherapy research evidence and reimnbmmrsememmt decisions: Bambi meets Coelzilla. American Jon rnal of Psychiatry 139:718–27. [BM]Google Scholar

Parloff, M. B., Waskow, l. E. & Wolfe, B. E. (1978) Research on therapist variables imm relation to process amid outcome. In: Hlandbook of psychotherapy and behaeior change, ed. Garfield, S. L. & Bergin, A. E., pp. 233–82. Wiley. [HPG]Google Scholar

Paul, G. L. (1964) Effects of insight, desensitization and attention–placebo treatment of anxiety: An approach to outcome research in psychotherapy. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois. [GA, taLP, DPS, GTW]Google Scholar

Paul, C. (1969) Outcome of systematic desensitization. II Controlled investigations of individual treatment, technique variations and current status. In: Behaeior therapy: Appraisal amid status, ed. Frammks, C. M.. McGraw-Hill. [EE]Google Scholar

Paykel, E., DiMascio, A., Haskell, D. & Prusoff, B. (1975) Effects of maintenance amitriptytimme and psychotlmerapy 0n symptoms of depression. Psychological Medicine 5:67–77. [GA, taLP]Google Scholar

Platt, J. M. (1970) Efficacy of time Adlerian model imm elememmtary school counselimmg. Ph.D. dissertatiomm, University of Arizona. [taLP, LVH]Google Scholar

Presby, S. (1978) Overly broad categories obscure importammt differences. Americamm Psychologist 33:514–15. [LVH]Google Scholar

Prioleau, L. A. (1982) A meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome research: “Sentence first – verdict afterwards?” Master's thesis, Wesleyamm University. [taLP]Google Scholar

Quality Assurance Project. (1982) A treatmnemmt outline for agoraphobia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 16:25–33. [GA]Google Scholar

Rachman, S. & Wilsoim, G. T. (1980). The effects of psychological therapy. Pergamon Press. [rNB, EE, HJE, SLG, GTW]Google Scholar

Rehm, L. P. & Marston, A. H. (1968) Reduction of social anxiety timrough modification of self-reinforcememmt: An investigation timerapy techniciue. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32:5. [taLP]Google Scholar

Roessler, B., Cook, D. & Lillard, D. (1977) Effects of systematic and group counseling on work adjustmemmt clients.journal of Consulting Psychology 24:313–17. [LVH, taLP]Google Scholar

Rosen, D. (1977) A primal primer for psychotherapists. American Journal of Psychiatry 134:445–46. [JDF]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R. (1978) Combining results of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin 85:185–93. [RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, R. (1983) Assessing tlse statistical smmd social importance of the effects of psychotherapy. journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51:4–13. [RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R. & Rubin, D. B. (1978) Interpersonal expectancy efficts: The first 345 studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:377–415. [RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R. (1982a) Comparing effect sizes of independemmt studies. Psychological Bulletin 92:500–4. [LVH, RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, R. (1982b) Further meta-analytic procedures for assessing cognitive gemseler differences. Journal of Educational Psychology 74:708–12. [RR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, R. (1982c) A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Journal of Educational Psychology 74:166–69. [RR]Google Scholar

Rosenthal, T. L. (1980) Social cueimmg processes. In: Progress in behaeior modification, vol. 10, ed. Hersen, M., Eisler, H. M. & Miller, P. M., pp. 111–46. Academic Press. [TLR]Google Scholar

Rosentover, I. (1974) Group counseling of the underachieving high school student as related to self-image and academic success. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University. [taLP]Google Scholar

Rush, A. J., Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M. & Hollon, S. (1977) Comparative effects of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:17–37. [JDF]Google Scholar

Russell, M. A. H., Armstrong, E. & Patel, U. A. (1976) Temporal contiguity in electric aversion therapy for smoking. Behaviour Research and Therapy 14:103–23. [TLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schwartz, J. L. & Dubitzky, M. (1967) Clinical reduction of smoking. Addictions 14:35–44. [taLP]Google Scholar

Sebeok, T. A. (1981) The play of musement. Indiana University Press. [TAS]Google Scholar

Shapiro, A. K. & Morris, L. A. (1978) Placebo effects in medical and psychological therapies. In: Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis, ed. Garfield, S. L. & Bergin, A. E., pp. 396–410. Wiley. [taLP]Google Scholar

Shapiro, D. A. (1981) Comparative credibility of treatment rationales: Three tests of expectancy theory. British journal of Clinical Psychology 21:111–22. [DAS]Google Scholar

Shapiro, D. A. & Shapiro, D. (1981) Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies. MRC/SSRC Social and Applied Psychology Memo No. 438, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield. [GA]Google Scholar

Shapiro, D. A. (1982a) Mesa-analysis of comparative therapy outcome research: A critical appraisal. Behavioural Psychotherapy 10:4–25. [PK, DAS]Google Scholar

Shapiro, D. A. (1982d) Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome research: A reply to Wilson. Behavioural Psychotherapy 10:307–10. [PK]Google Scholar

Shapiro, D. A. (1982c) Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. Psychological Bulletin 92:581–604. [rNB, DAS]Google Scholar

Shapiro, D. A. (1982b) Comparative therapy outcome research: Methodological implications of meta-aisalysis. journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, in press. [DAS]Google Scholar

(in press) Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replicatiois and refinement. Psychological Bulletin. [SLG]Google Scholar

Shapiro, S. B. & Knapp, D. M. (1971) The effect of ego therapy on personality integration. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 8:208–12. [taLP]Google Scholar

Shepherd, M. (1979) Psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, and health services. British Medical journal 2:1557–59. [MS]Google Scholar

Shepherd, M. (1980) The statutory registration of psychotherapists? Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, pp. 166–69. [MS]Google Scholar

Sloane, R. B., Staples, F. R., Cristol, A. H., Yorkston, N. J. & Whipple, K. (1970) Psychotherapy versus behavior therapy. Harvard University Press. [EE, JDF, tarLP]Google Scholar

Smith, M. L. & Glass, G. V. (1977) Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist 32:752–60. [SLC, AEK]Google Scholar

Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V. & Miller, T. I. (1980) The benefits of psychotherapy. Johns Hopkins University Press. [GA, rNB, DSC, HD, HJE, MNE, JDF, GVC, RPC, SLG, AEK, PK, BM, trLP, RR, TLR, DAS, CTW]Google Scholar

Strahan, R. F. (1978) Six ways of looking at an elephant. American Psychologist 33:693. [taLP]Google Scholar

Strube, M. J. & Hartmann, D. P. (1982) A critical appraisal of meta-analysis. British journal of Clinical Psychology 21:129–39. [DAS]Google Scholar

Strupp, H. (1973) Psychotherapy: Clinical research and theoretical issues. Aronson. [taLP]Google Scholar

Strupp, H. (1977) Psychotherapy for better or worse. The problem of negative effects. Aronson. [taLP]Google Scholar

Strupp, H. H. & Hadley, S. W. (1979) Specific vs. nonspecific factors in psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 36:1125–36. [rNB, GTW]Google Scholar

Time (1979) Psychiatry on the couch. 2 04, p. 74. [MS]Google Scholar

Trexler, L. D. & Karst, T. O. (1972) Rational-emotive therapy, placebo, and no-treatment effects on public-speaking anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 79:60–67. [JDF, taLP]Google Scholar

Vanden, Bos G. & Pino, C. (1980) Research on the outcome of psychotherapy. In: Psychotherapy: Practice, research, policy, ed. Bos, G. Vanden. Sage Publications. [EE]Google Scholar

Warner, H. (1969) An investigation of the effectiveness of verbal reinforcement and model reinforcement counseling on alienated high school students. Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York – Buffalo. [DSC, taLP]Google Scholar

Weissman, M. M., Klerman, G. O., Prusoff, B. A. et al. (1981) Depressed outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 38:51–55. [GA, rNB]Google Scholar

Weissman, M. M., Prusoff, B. A., DiMascio, A. et al. (1979) The efficacy of drugs and psychotherapy in the treatment of acute depressive episodes. American Journal of Psychiatry 136:555–58. [GA, rNB]Google Scholar

West, W. B. (1969) An investigation of the significance of client-centered play therapy as a counseling technique. Ph.D. dissertation, North Texas State University. [taLP, DPS]Google Scholar

Wilson, G. T. (1982) How useful is meta-analysis in evaluating the effects of different psychological therapies? Behavioural Psychotherapy 10:221–31. [PK, DAS]Google Scholar

Wilson, G. T. & Rachman, S. (1982) Meta-analysis and the evaluation of psychotherapy outcome: Limitations and liabilities. journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, in press. [GTW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Winkler, R. C., Teigland, J. J., Munger, P. F. & Kranzler, G. D. (1965) The effects of selected counseling and remedial techniques on underachieving elementary school students. journal of Counseling Psychology 12:384. [taLP]Google Scholar

Zeiss, A. M., Lewinsohn, P. N. & Munoz, R. F. (1979) Nonspecific improvement effects in depression using interpersonal skill training, pleasant activity schedules, or cognitive training. journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47:427–39. [TLR]Google Scholar