This chapter explores the ways in which hunger in World War I altered existing political structures. Civilian populations engaged in a complex politics of provisioning by contesting state and local authorities and governments’ management of food. In the face of hunger and starvation, civilians across Europe and the Middle East gradually and to various degrees called their governments’ legitimacy into question. Civilians gave voice to their demands through petitions, food riots, and, in some instances, rebellion and revolution. Women, in particular, appealed collectively to officials, evoking the urgent need to feed and care for their children. Food became central to politics as political parties competed in demonstrating their ability to bring food to hungry populations. Recognizing the crucial role of hunger to salvaging any popular support for continuing the war, governments responded by regulating food and suppressing, even violently, public protests demanding provisioning. The ability to supply food became an avenue to political success. The chapter introduces the Ottoman experience and provides a comparative discussion of the politicization of hunger. We explore how that process varied across and within the warscapes of Ottoman and European societies, and how hunger, as a catalyst, altered existing political structures and gave rise to new forms of political organization in response to demands by both elite and non-elite groups. Finally, we ask how political parties and organizations used food procurement and provisioning of civilians amidst hunger as an avenue to achieve, expand, or preserve political significance.