References

Ling Li

doi:10.1017/9781009275033.016

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2025

Ling Li

Show author details

Ling Li: Affiliation:
Universität Wien, Austria

Book contents

Get access

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Governance of a Party-state
Corruption, Law, and the Modus Operandi of the Chinese Communist Party
, pp. 287 - 334

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009275033.016 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adams, Jan S. 1978. “Institutional change in the 1970s: The case of the USSR People’s Control Committee.” Slavic Review 37(3):457–72.Google Scholar

Ames, Michael. 2023. “The Feds say Pras is a foreign agent. Now the Fugee tells his side.” Rolling Stone. www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/pras-michel-fugees-jho-low-trial-interview-1234694084/. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Bai, Mo 白墨. 2015. “CCP Founding Elder – Wan Li [中共元老万里].” BBC Chinese. www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2015/07/150715_wanli_profile. Accessed on April 22, 2024.Google Scholar

Bai, Zhaodong 白兆东. 2019. “What do we know about Zhao Zhenyong [赵正永往事].” Caijing 《财经》. http://m.caijing.com.cn/api/show?contentid=4563159. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Barbalet, Jack. 2014. “The structure of guanxi: Resolving problems of network assurance.” Theory and Society 43(1):51–69.CrossRef Google Scholar

Barbalet, Jack. 2017. “Guanxi as social exchange: Emotions, power and corruption.” Sociology 12:1–16.Google Scholar

Barboza, David, Bowley, Graham, and Cox, Amanda. 2013. “Forging an art market in China.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/projects/2013/china-art-fraud/index.html. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Barnett, Arthur Doak. 1969. “Introduction.” Pp. xi.–xxvi in Chinese Communist Politics in Action, edited by Barnett, Arthur Doak. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Baum, Richard. 2018. Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Updated Edition). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Chinese, BBC. 2019. “Incident of Judge Wang Linqing’s lost case dossier and the conclusion of the investigation of the incident [王林清千亿矿权案卷宗丢失事件与调查结果].” www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-47342048. Accessed on February 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Beach, Derek. 2016. “It’s all about mechanisms: What process-tracing case studies should be tracing.” New Political Economy 21:472.Google Scholar

Bennett, Andrew, and Checkel, Jeffrey T.. 2015. Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Blumer, Herbert. 1952. “Book Review: The Organizational Weapon: A Study of Bolshevik Strategy and Tactics.” Americal Sociological Review 17(5):630–31.Google Scholar

Bogu, Kailai 薄谷开来. 2013. Criminal interrogation. interviewed by SPP agents.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles, and Svolik, Milan W.. 2013. “The foundations of limited authoritarian government: Institutions, commitment, and power-sharing in dictatorships.” The Journal of Politics 75:316.CrossRef Google Scholar

Buckley, Chris. 2020. “‘Drive the blade in’: Xi shakes up China’s law-and-order forces.” In New York Times.Google Scholar

Burns, J. P. 1989. The Chinese Communist Party Nomenklatura System: A Documentary Study of Party Control of Leadership Selection. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Cai, Eryi 蔡迩一. 2018. “Who are the key characters behind the interaction between the SPC and Cui Yongyuan [最高法和崔永元互动的背后涉及哪些关键人物？].” China Youth Daily 《中国青年报》. http://news.china.com.cn/2018-12/31/content_74329054.htm. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Cai, Wenjuan 蔡文娟 2021. “38 lawyers implicated in Zhang Jiahui case received sanctions [涉张家慧等案件的38名律师被查处].” Yang Guang Network [央广网]. www.cnr.cn/hn/xwsd/20211211/t20211211_525684976.shtml. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Caixin. 2008. “Vice-president of Shenzhen Intermediate Court Pei Hongquan was sentenced to life [深圳中院原副院长裴洪泉被判无期].” Caixin. https://china.caixin.com/2008-01-07/100058543.html. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Caixin. 2016. “Work Reports of the SPC and the SPP passed with a high margin, Historical low points should not be forgotten [两高报告高票通过不应忘记过去”低谷”].” Caixin. https://topics.caixin.com/2016-03-16/100920637.html. Accessed on March 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Callahan, William A. 2012. “Who is Xi Jinping, and where will he lead China?” Le Sud En Mouvement. www.cetri.be/Who-is-Xi-Jinping-and-where-will?lang=fr. Accessed on June 5, 2023.Google Scholar

Cao, Zhenghan 曹正汉. 2014. “Ruling risk and local decentralization: Three theories of governance in China [统治风险与地方分权：关于中国国家治理的三种理论].” Society 《社会》 (6).Google Scholar

Cao, Zhenhan. 2011. “Top-bottom division of governance in China and its stability mechanism [中国上下分治的治理体制及其稳定机制].” Sociological Studies 《社会学研究》 (1).Google Scholar

Capitalnews. 2015. “Can CDI secretaries delay retirement for three years [纪委书记都能多干三年吗？].” Chang’an Street News 《长安街知事》.Google Scholar

Capoccia, Giovanni. 2016. “When do institutions “bite”? Historical institutionalism and the politics of institutional change.” Comparative Political Studies 49(8):1095–1127.Google Scholar

Capoccia, Giovanni, and Daniel Kelemen, R.. 2007. “The study of critical junctures: Theory, narrative, and counterfactuals in historical institutionalism.” World Politics 59(3):341–69.Google Scholar

Carlson, Allen, et al. (Ed.). 2010. Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods, and Field Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cartier, Carolyn. 2016. “A political economy of rank: The territorial administrative hierarchy and leadership mobility in urban China.” Journal of Contemporary China 25(100):529–46.CrossRef Google Scholar

CCDI. 1980. “Request to Rehabilitate and Completely Rectify the Wrongful Disciplinary Action against Members of the Central Supervision Commission [中共中央纪律检查委员会关于为中央监察委员会彻底平反恢复名誉的请示报告].”Google Scholar

CCDI. 1983. “Provisional Rules on Completing the Party’s Disciplinary System and Strengthening the Disciplinary Personnel Construction Work [中共中央纪律检查委员会关于健全党的纪律检查系统加强纪检队伍建设的暂行规定].”Google Scholar

CCDI. 1987. “Work Report of CCDI submitted to the 13th National Party Congress [中央纪律检查委员会向党的第十三次全国代表大会的工作报告（一九八七年十月三十日）].” http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64566/65447/4441821.html. Accessed on November 18, 2023.Google Scholar

CCDI. 1988. “Rules on Case-Inspection Work for Party Discipline and Inspection Institutions (Provisional) [中国共产党纪律检查机关案件检查工作条例（试行）].”Google Scholar

CCDI. 1992. “Work Report of CCDI submitted to the 14th National Party Congress [中央纪律检查委员会向党的第十四次全国代表大会的工作报告（一九九二年十月九日）].” www.gov.cn/test/2008-07/04/content_1036091.htm Accessed on November 18, 2023.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2000. “Rules on the Application of “shuanggui” Measure by Disciplinary and Inspection Institutions (Provisional) [关于纪检机关使用”两规”措施的办法（试行）]”.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2005. “Opinions on Strictly Abiding the Discipline and the Law to Conduct Case Investigation [关于纪检监察机关严格依纪依法办案的意见].”Google Scholar

CCDI. 2013a. “Historical origin and development of the CCDI [中央纪律检查委员会历史沿革].” CCP News Database. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/0904/c75234–22804679.html. Accessed on August 19, 2018.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2013b. “An Overview of the CIT Work in 2013 [2013年巡视工作综述].” CCDI Website.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2014a. “Annual Work Report delivered by Wang Qishan at the 3rd Plenum of the 18th CCDI 王岐山在十八届中纪委第三次全体会议上的工作报告.”Google Scholar

CCDI. 2014b. “Demystifying CCDI [解密中纪委].” Today’s Click 《点击今日》. http://news.sohu.com/s2013/dianji-1069a/. Accessed on January 17, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2014c. “Taking lessons from the systematic and crumbling corruption in Shanxi [深刻汲取山西系统性、塌方式腐败教训].” China Daily Online. www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/sx/2014-12/09/content_19048842.htm. Accessed on October 29, 2023.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2015a. “Interpretation Series on the CCP Directive of Inspection Work [《中国共产党巡视工作条例》系列解读].” China Jijian Jiancha Daily 《中国纪检监察报》.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2015b. “One needs to take responsibility when discharging one’s duty, including the duty to monitor appointments [干事要担当管人也要担当].” CCDI Website.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2015c. “Zooming in seven new outposts of the CCDI [走近中央纪委新设的7家派驻纪检组].” CCDI Column. www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/28/content_2870199.htm. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. (Writer) 2016. Documentary series: Always on the Road [永远在路上], Episode 2: Top leaders take the lead [第二集以上率下]. http://v.ccdi.gov.cn/yyzls2016/. Accessed on February 6, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2017a. “A comprehensive overview of the Party’s inspection work since the 18th Party Congress [党的十八大以来中央巡视工作综述].” Xinhua Agency. www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2017-09/28/c_1121741459.htm. Accessed on March 10, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2017b. “An interview of the Beijing CDI secretary Zhang Shuo [北京市委常委、市纪委书记，市监委主任张硕专访].” http://fanfu.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0110/c64371–29756238.html. Accessed on January 5, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2017c. “Pushing forward the all-coverage CDI outpost reform and cleaning the lens of the monitoring camera [推进全面派驻擦亮监督”探头”].” China Jijian Jiancha Daily. www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2017-09/28/c_1121737162.htm. Accessed on October 31, 2023.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2018. “Interpretation of the CCDI Work Protocols No. 12 [“工作规则”解读之十二].” Chinese Discipline and Inspection Magazine 《中国纪检监察杂志》. Accessed on February 8, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2022. “CCDI Work Report to the 20th National Party Congress [中纪委在党的二十大上的工作报告].”Google Scholar

CCDI. 2023a. “CCDI/NSC Press Release of Disciplinary Investigation Statistics in 2023 [中央纪委国家监委通报2023年全国纪检监察机关监督检查、审查调查情况].” www.news.cn/politics/20240125/9f867189a2b54d59906a3ca7c642b73c/c.html. Accessed on March 24, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI. (Writer) (2023b). Ep. 4 Always on the go [永远在路上], Forever Charged Bugle Call 《永远吹冲锋号》.Google Scholar

CCDI. 2024. “Former Head of the 1st SPC Civil Division and Member of the SPC Adjudicative Committee Zheng Xuelin is Expelled from the Party for Grave Disciplinary Violations [最高法审委会原委员、民一庭原庭长郑学林严重违纪违法被开除党籍].” www.ccdi.gov.cn/toutiaon/202402/t20240226_330303.html. Accessed on February 26, 2024.Google Scholar

CCDI, 中国纪检监察报. 2023c. “Simple and discreet – Investigating unlawful acceptance of shopping cards [办卡简单、送卡隐蔽 … 深挖细查违规收受消费卡].” China Jijian Jiancha Daily. https://wap.peopleapp.com/article/7246602/7087107. Accessed on February 11, 2024.Google Scholar

CCP, Information Center. 2023. “Rehabilitation Work [平反冤假错案工作].” CCP Information Center – Major Events [重大事件]. http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64167/4512071.html. Accessed on November 17, 2023.Google Scholar

CCP, National Delegates Conference. 1955. “Decision on the establishment of Central and Local Party Supervision Commissions [中国共产党全国代表会议关于成立党的中央和地方监察委员会的决议].”Google Scholar

CCTV. 2013. “Operationalizing Measures of the Eight-Measures Issued by Many Central Agencies and Provinces [多地多部门出台落实八项规定措施].” People’s Network. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/0107/c1001–20121693.html. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

CDI, Beijing Xicheng District. 2016. “Press Statement of Disciplinary Violations of Four Party Cadres from Beijing Xicheng District [北京西城区委通报 4 起党员干部违纪案件处理情况].” Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

CDI, Chengdu. 2018. “A diary of the tranfer of a cadet of the new CDI/SC [一名纪检监察新兵的转隶日记].” Chengdu Business Newspaper. www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1999205. Accessed on November 5, 2023.Google Scholar

CDI, Dianjiang County. 2022. “Explanation of the Final Financial Statements of Dianjiang County CDI of the year of 2022 [中国共产党垫江县纪律检查委员会 2022 年度部门决算情况说明].” https://rb.gy/fr0bi. Accessed on October 31, 2023.Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1949. “Decision on the Establishment of the Central and Local Committees of Discipline and Inspection [中国共产党关于成立中央及各级党的纪律检查委员会的决定].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1953. “Resolution on Strengthening the Practice of qing shi bao gao of All Departments of Central Government and on Strengthening the Leadership of the Party Center over Governmental Work [关于加强中央人民政府系统各部门向中央请示报告制度及加强中央对于政府工作领导的决定].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1962. “Decision to strengthen Party Supervision Organs [关于加强党的监察机关的决定].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1972. “Circular of the Summary Outline of the Conference on Criticizing Lin Biao Rectification Campain among Senior Leaders of Guizhou [贵州省地、师级干部批林整风汇报会议总结提纲（修改稿）].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1979. “Firmly Safegard the Implementation of the Criminal Law and the Criminal Procedure Law [中共中央关于坚决保证刑法、刑事诉讼法切实实施的指示].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1995. “Income Disclosure Measures for Leading Cadres at and above County/Division (xian/chu) Rank [关于党政机关县（处）级以上领导干部收入申报的规定].” Edited by General Office of the Party Center.Google Scholar

Center, Party. 1996 [2012]. “Directive on the Flow of the Submission and Circulation of Official Documents of Party and State Administrations [党政机关公文处理工作条例].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 2010 [2016]. “Disclosure Measures of Personal Matters for Leading Cadres [关于领导干部报告个人有关事项的规定].” Edited by 中共中央办公厅，国务院办公厅.Google Scholar

Center, Party. 2017. “CCP Directive of Inspection Work [中国共产党巡视工作条例].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 2019. “Central Party Directive on Party-group Work [中国共产党党组工作条例].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 2021. “Central Directive on the Work of the Party Discipline and Inspection Committees [中国共产党纪律检查委员会工作条例].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 2023a. “Code of Discipline [中国共产党纪律处分条例].”Google Scholar

Center, Party. 2023b. “Rules on the Competence to Approve Disciplinary Decisions [中国共产党处分违纪党员批准权限和程序规定].”Google Scholar

Center, Party, and State Council. 2015. “Framework of Measures to Strengthen Auditing Practices and Releated Policy Documents [《关于完善审计制度若干重大问题的框架意见》及相关配套文件].”Google Scholar

Centre, Party. 1957. “Notice on the Classification Standards Regarding the Rightists [中共中央关于《划分右派分子的标准》的通知].”Google Scholar

Chan, Hon S. 2004. “Cadre personnel management in China: The nomenklatura system, 1990–1998.” The China Quarterly 179:703–34.CrossRef Google Scholar

Chan, Hon S., and Gao, Jie. 2008. “Old wine in new bottles: A county-level case study of anti-corruption reform in the People’s Republic of China.” Crime, Law and Social Change 49:97–117.CrossRef Google Scholar

Chang’an, Network. 2009. “Deputy head of the GITIC liquidation team found bribe-taking [“广国投”破产清算组副组长再被查出 60 万受贿款].” 河南长安网–长安视点. https://china.caixin.com/2009-09-02/100061443.html. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Chen, Hangping 陈杭平. 2012. “Case-remanding practice in civil litigation from the organizational perspective [组织视角下的民事诉讼发回重审制度].” Chinese Journal of Law 《法学研究》 (1):17–30.Google Scholar

Chen, Hongtai 陈红太. 2003. “Periodical features of the political reform in China from the historical perspective of the changes of party-state relations [从党政关系的历史变迁看中国政治体制变革的阶段特征].” Zhejiang Academic Journal 《浙江学刊》. www.bjqx.org.cn/portal/sites/site-111/qxweb/zjk/ShowArtcf822b43-31ce-4bcf-a8da-53cc0047fb51.aspx.htm. Accessed on December 23, 2023.Google Scholar

Chen, Lei 陈磊, and Chen, Jiayun 陈佳韵. 2015. “Anticorruption shall pay attention to violations of political disciplines [反腐败需重视”违反政治纪律”问题].” Legal Daily 《法制日报》. http://fanfu.people.com.cn/n1/2015/1225/c64371-27976621.html Accessed on December 25.Google Scholar

Chen, Sicheng 陈思丞. 2020. “Strip-block disparity and vertical policy diffusion of governments [政府条块差异与纵向创新扩散].” Sociological Studies 《社会学研究》 (2):146–71.Google Scholar

Chen, Weishan 陈惟杉. 2019. “The art of project operation of the female Hong Kong businesswoman behind Zhao Zhengyong [赵正永背后”女港商”刘娟的项目运作术].” China Economic Weekly 《中国经济周刊》. http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2019-02/15/content_1910549.htm. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Cheng, Lei 程雷. 2011. “On the technical investigatory power of procuratorates [论检察机关的技术侦查权].” Journal of Political Science and Law 《政法论丛》 (5):95–100.Google Scholar

Cheng, Xi 程熙. 2019. “Are the Eight-Measures and the spirit of the Eight-Measures the same? [八项规定和中央八项规定精神一回事么？].” Online Xinhua Newspaper. www.xhby.net/index/201910/t20191015_6366743.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Cheng, Zhongyuan 程中原. 2006. A Biography of Zhang Wentian 《张闻天传》. Beijing: Contemporary China Press.Google Scholar

Chien, Shiuh-Shen. 2010. “Economic freedom and political control in post-Mao China: A perspective of upward accountability and asymmetric decentralization.” Asian Journal of Political Science 18:89.CrossRef Google Scholar

China, Tech & Wealth in. 2005. “Are we auctioning art works or our souls? [拍卖艺术品还是拍卖灵魂].” Tech & Wealth in China 《中国科技财富》. http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/collection/yspmarket/20050413/11231513614.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Chu, Jianguo 储建国, and Yu, Lixin 余礼信. 2015. “Repositioning Party-group: How to improve operational efficiency of party-groups [让党组归位：对中共党组制度有效运转的探索].” Theories and Reforms 《理论与改革》 (5):33–41.Google Scholar

Chung, J. H. 2000. Central Control and Local Discretion in China, Leadership and Implementation during Post-Mao Decollectivization. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Chung, Jae Ho, and Lam, Tao-chiu. 2004. “China’s “City System” in flux: Explaining post-Mao administrative changes.” The China Quarterly 180:945–64.Google Scholar

Chung, Yen-Lin 钟延麟. 1999. “The role and activities of Deng Xiaoping in the Gao/Rao Affair [邓小平在”高饶事件”中之角色与作为].” Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 《人文及社会科学集刊》 (12):521–62.Google Scholar

Chung, Yen-Lin. 2018. “The role and activities of Peng Zhen in the Yan’an Recitification Campaign [彭真在中共延安整风运动中的角色和活动].” Historical Journal of National Chengchi University 《国立政治大学历史学报》 49(5):39–92.Google Scholar

Clarke, Donald. 2022. “Order and law in China.” University of Illinois Law Review 2022:541–95.Google Scholar

COD. 2014. “Transcript of the Press Conference of the COD on the Random Inspection of Disclosure Reports [中组部就开展领导干部个人有关事项报告抽查核实工作答问].”Google Scholar

Cohn, Edward. 2021. The High Title of a Communist: Postwar Party Discipline and the Values of the Soviet Regime. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Committee, Central. 2018. “Reform Plan of the Party-state Institutional Overhaul [深化党和国家机构改革方案].” Edited by Third Plenum of the 19th Party Congress.Google Scholar

Committee, Central Supervision. 1957. “Rules on the Competence to Approve Disciplinary Decisions against Party-members [中央监察委员会关于处分党员的批准权限的规定].”Google Scholar

County A, Party Supervision Commission of. 1960. “Case Deliberation Records [会议纪要].”Google Scholar

Court, Luanping County Chengde City 承德市滦平县法院. 2023. “Discipline and Law Classroom: Spirit of the Eight-Measures of the Central Party [纪法课堂: 中央八项规定精神].”Google Scholar

Court, Beijing No. 2 Intermediate. 2017. “Court Judgement Beijing No. 2 Procuratorate v. Meng Huiqing.” www.yejils.com/show.php?id=3376 Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Court, Luanping County Chengde City 承德市滦平县法院. 2023. “Discipline and Law Classroom: Spirit of the Eight-Measures of the Central Party [纪法课堂: 中央八项规定精神].” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzIzNzA0OTcxNA==&mid=2651706924&idx=2&sn=8e512569f71e9cd5a5fec89a7f433f8e&chksm=f337f431c4407d2733171fc17c4976f6399686f2c125ac47aa05b566bb43ab49b047fb8302b4&scene=27. Accessed on February 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Court, Lucheng District of Wenzhou City 温州市鹿城区人民法院. 2014. “Rules on the Distribution of competence to Sign off Court Documents in Civil or Commercial Cases [民商事案件裁判文书签发权限的规定].”Google Scholar

Court, Northern District of Xining City 西宁市城北区人民法院. 2012. “Rules on Sign-off of Judicial Documents [法律文书审核签发制度].”Google Scholar

Court, Shouguang People’s. 2001. “The operational model and effect of the ‘Grand Case-registering’ mechanism [山东省寿光市人民法院”大立案”机制的运行模式与成效].” Judicial Development and Research 《司法审判动态与研究》 1(1):95–100.Google Scholar

Court, Yuecheng District Shaoxing City 绍兴市越城区人民法院. 2015. “Measures on the Scope of Adjudicative Administrative Competence of Court leaders and Divisional Leaders [绍兴市越城区人民法院关于规范院、庭长审判管理权限的规定].”Google Scholar

CSC, 中央监察委员会. 1957. “Concluding Summary of the 2nd Conference of National Party Supervision Work [draft] [第二次全国党的监察会议工作总结（草稿）].”Google Scholar

Cui, Wei. 2024. “The Chinese tax system: Where it stands and how we should study it.” In Handbook of Public Finance in China, edited by Linda Li. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4680217, Last Accessed on March 23, 2025Google Scholar

Cui, Xiankang. 2015a. “Guo Wengui’s hunt of high-ranking officials: From an ally to an adverary [郭文贵围猎高官记：从结盟到反目].” Caixin. On file with author. Accessed on November 1, 2022.Google Scholar

Cui, Xiankang. 2015b. “How did Guo Wengui hunt down high-ranking officials [郭文贵围猎高官记].” In Caixin.Google Scholar

Cui, Xiankang 崔先康. 2022a. “In the wake of the “missing dossier gate” – Wang Linqing received a 14 years prison sentence for bribe-taking and stealing secrets [“丢卷门”事件后续：王林清受贿、窃密一审获刑 14 年].” Caixin 《财新》. https://china.caixin.com/2022-05-07/101881723.html. Accessed on January 12, 2024.Google Scholar

Cui, Xiankang崔先康, Ning, Yu 于宁, and Liu, Ran刘冉. 2015. “Power hunter Guo Wengui [权力猎手郭文贵].” Caixin. https://weekly.caixin.com/m/2015-03-27/100795235_all.html. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Cui, Xiaojun et al. 崔小军等. 2022b. “Guangzhou City People’s Procuratorate vs. Yao Hui, Decision Rendered by Guangzhou Intermediate Court on May 19th 2022 [广州市人民检察院诉姚辉刑事判决书 (2022) 粤 01 刑初 30 号判决日期: 2023 年5月 19 日].”Google Scholar

Dai, Maolin 戴茂林, and Zhao, Xiaoguang 赵晓光. 2011. Biography of Gao Gang 《高岗传》. Xi’an: Shaanxi People’s Press.Google Scholar

Daily, China. 2010. “Fake meritorous performance has become the life-saving straw [假立功成贪官”救命稻草”].” Yang Cheng Evening Paper 《羊城晚报》. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/2010-09/20/content_11330018.htm. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Daily, Legal. 2022. “Financial anticorruption storm gathers strength [金融反腐风暴越刮越猛].” Legal Daily. http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20220928/Articel04002GN.htm. Accessed on October 31, 2023.Google Scholar

Daily, People’s. 2018a. “Former Hebei provincial Party-secretary received 15 years prison sentence for bribe-taking of 150 million yuan [河北省委原常委张越一审被判15年被控受贿超1.5亿元].” People’s Daily 《人民日报》. www.guancha.cn/politics/2018_07_12_463869.shtml. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Daily, People’s. 2018b. “Frequent ocurrence of prison corruption is correlated to oversight strength [监狱腐败频发与监督力度薄弱不无关系].” People’s Daily. https://m.thepaper.cn/kuaibao_detail.jsp?contid=3843704&from=kuaibao. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Daily, Shaanxi. 2007. “Why is shopping card so popular? [购物卡缘何大行其道].” Shaanxi Daily 《陕西日报》. www.daynews.com.cn/sxrb/bban/B1/296497.html. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Dalian, Intermediate Court 大连中级人民法院. 2018. “Former State Security Deputy Minister Received a Life Sentence [前国家安全部原副部长马建被判无期].”Google Scholar

Deng, Liqun 邓力群. 1998. Post Yan’an Rectification Campaign 《延安整风以后》. Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House.Google Scholar

Deng, Xiaoping. 1955. “Report on the Anti-Party Alliance of Gao Gang and Rao Shuhi [邓小平关于高岗、饶漱石反党联盟的报告].” https://banned-historical-archives.github.io/articles/d2dcf2d145. Accessed on February 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Deng, Xiaoping. 1980. “Institutional Reform of the Ruling System of the Party and the State (transcript) [党和国家领导制度的改革].” www.reformdata.org/1980/0818/15396.shtml. Accessed on February 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Department, Central Organization. 2015. “Learn from the Lesson of Zhou Yongkang and Bo Xilai, Adhere Firmly to Political Protocols [汲取周永康薄熙来案件教训坚守政治规矩].” In Sina News.Google Scholar

Deutscher, Isaac. 1967. Stalin: A Political Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Diamant, Neil J. 2022. Useful Bullshit: Constitutions in Chinese Politics and Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Ding, Lianghua 丁亮华. 2023. “Critical reflections on the judicial delocalization reform [司法”去地方化”改革反思].” Chinese Journal of Law 《法学研究》 45(5):96–113.Google Scholar

Dittmer, Lowell. 1973. “The structural evolution of ‘Criticism and Self-Criticism’.” The China Quarterly 56:708–29.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dittmer, Lowell. 1990. “Patterns of elite strife and succession in Chinese politics.” The China Quarterly 123:405–30.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dittmer, Lowell. 1995. “Chinese informal politics.” The China Journal 34:1–34.CrossRef Google Scholar

Doig, Alan, and Moron, Jon. 2000. “Anti-corruption agencies: The importance of independence for the effectiveness of national integrity systems.” Pp. 229–51 in Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement, edited by Fijnaut, Cyrille J.C.F. and Huberts, Leo. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff.Google Scholar

DOJ. 2023. “Ho Wan Kwok, A/K/A “Miles Guo,” Arrested For Orchestrating Over $1 Billion Dollar Fraud Conspiracy.” DOJ Press release: US Attorney’s Office – Southern District of New York. www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ho-wan-kwok-aka-miles-guo-arrested-orchestrating-over-1-billion-dollar-fraud-conspiracy. Accessed on November 4, 2023.Google Scholar

Dong, Biwu 董必武. 1957. “Speech at the Second National Conference of Party Supervisory Work [在第二次全国党的监察工作会议上的讲话].” On file with the author.Google Scholar

Dong, Fang. 2016. “CCDI counterattack, a reversal for Ren Zhiqiang’s case? [中纪委反击任志强案逆转？].” Voice of America. https://rb.gy/xi5snr. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Dongnan, Zaobao. 2013. “CCDI making plans to implement the Dual-Leadership System [中纪委制定纪检双重领导体制].” Southeastern Morning News 《东南早报》. http://news.163.com/13/1115/10/9DNFE50V00014Q4P.html. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Dou, Zhendong 窦振东. 2021. “An investigative report on the asset recovery work of courts in criminal litigation [关于人民法院刑事诉讼涉案财物处置工作的调查报告].” Criminal Adjudication Reference 《刑事审判参考》. www.drxsfd.com/xf/anli.asp?bh=2963. Accessed on March 9, 2024.Google Scholar

Economist, The. 2015. “The devil, or Mr Wang – China’s second most powerful leader is admired and feared.” The Economist. www.economist.com/china/2015/03/26/the-devil-or-mr-wang. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Erik van, Ree. 1993. “Stalin’s organic theory of the Party.” The Russian Review 52(1):43–57.Google Scholar

Eva, Pils. 2021. “China’s human rights lawyers: Rifts and schisms in an era of global human rights backlash.” Made in China Journal 6:113.Google Scholar

Fairbank, John K. 1983. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12: Republican China, 1912–949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Fairbank, John K., and Feuerwerker, Albert. 1986. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 13: Republican China 1912–949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Faison, Seth. 1997. “China after Deng: The overview.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html. Accessed on July 5, 2023.Google Scholar

Falleti, Tulia G., and Lynch, Julia F.. 2009. “Context and causal mechanisms in political analysis.” Comparative Political Studies.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fan, Guangjie 范光杰等. 2011. “Historical development and features of the Party’s disciplinary and inspection system over the past nine decades [九十年来党的纪检监察制度的沿革和特点].” Research on Mao Zedong Thoughts 《毛泽东思想研究》 (4):42–7.Google Scholar

Fan, Junli 范军利. 2006. “The rise and fall of the godfather of the auction industry in Shenzhen [深圳拍卖业教父盛衰录].” P. A7 in Shanghai Securities Newspaper《上海证券报》.Google Scholar

Fan, Lisi范丽思. 2021. “Reconstruction of the protective mechanism of Court funds after the Unified Vertical Administration Reform [省级统管后法院经费保障机制再造].” People’s Adjudication 《人民司法》 (22):72–8.Google Scholar

Fan, Ping 范平, and Yao, Huan姚桓. 2010. On the Party Charter 《中国共产党党章教程》. Beijing: Fang Zheng Press.Google Scholar

Feng, Jiang. 2019. “Party regulations and state laws in China: A disappearing boundary and growing tensions.” Chinese Law & Government 51(5–6):260–76.CrossRef Google Scholar

Feng, Lixia 封丽霞. 2021. “Institutional logic and standardization issues of the Party-state joint documents [党政联合发文的制度逻辑及其规范化问题].” Chinese Journal of Law 《法学研究》 (1):3–19.Google Scholar

Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fewsmith, Joseph. 1996. “Institutions, informal politics, and political transition in China.” Asian Survey 36(3):230–45.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fewsmith, Joseph. 2021a. “Balances, norms and institutions: Why elite politics in the CCP have not institutionalized.” The China Quarterly:1–18.Google Scholar

Fewsmith, Joseph. 2021b. Rethinking Chinese Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Finder, Susan. 2024. “How China’s Supreme People’s Court supports the development of foreign-related rule of law.” China Law and Society Review 8(1–2):62–118.CrossRef Google Scholar

Forsythe, Michael, Enrich, David, and Stevenson, Alexandra. 2019. “Inside a brazen scheme to woo China: Gifts, golf and a $4,254 wine.” New York Times (Online).Google Scholar

Forsythe, Michael, and Weiser, Benjamin. 2023. “The undoing of Guo Wengui, billionaire accused of fraud on 2 continents.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2023/03/30/us/guo-wengui-china.html. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Friedman, Dan. 2022. “A fugitive Chinese tycoon met Steve Bannon. Misinformation mayhem ensued.” Mother Jones. www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/02/guo-wengui-miles-guo-gettr-steve-bannon/. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Fu, Claire. 2023. “China is cracking down on bankers. Here are some of the targets.” New York Times (Online).Google Scholar

Fu, Yulin, and Peerenboom, Randall. 2010. “A new analytic framework for understanding and promoting judicial independence in China.” Pp. 95–133 in Judicial Independence in China: Lessons for Global Rule of Law Promotion, edited by Peerenboom, Randy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Fushi, , 浮石. 2006. Celadon 《青瓷》. Changsha: Hunan Art and Literature Press.Google Scholar

Gan, Nectar. 2015. “Chinese tycoon denies colluding with disgraced senior spy Ma Jian.” in South China Morning Post.Google Scholar

Gan, Yisheng 干以胜. 2007. “CCDI Press Conference on central inspection work [中纪委新闻发布会].” http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-08-02/112613579734.shtml. Accessed on December 20, 2023.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40(11):1279–1301.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gao, Bin 高斌 2013. “Ten educational programs rejuvenized the Party [10次教育活动让党焕发活力].” Procuracy Daily 《检察日报》. https://news.12371.cn/2013/11/05/ARTI1383635452341741.shtml. Accessed on July 5, 2023.Google Scholar

Gao, Hua. 2019. How the Red Sun Rose: The Origin and Development of the Yan’an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: Hong KongGoogle Scholar

Gao, Hua 高华. 1999. “A historical investigation of the purge of AB-league [“肃 AB 团”事件的历史考察].” 21st Century 《二十一世纪》. www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c054-199907002.pdf. Accessed on June 26, 2023.Google Scholar

Gao, Hua. 2000. How the Red Sun Rose: The Ins and Outs of the Yan’an Rectification Campaign 《红太阳是怎样升起的：延安整风运动的来龙去脉》. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Chinese University Press.Google Scholar

Gao, Min 高昱, and Cui, Xiankang崔先康. 2017. “The beginning and end of Guo Wengui’s acquisation of Minzu Securities [郭文贵收购民族证券始末].” Caixin. https://china.caixin.com/2017-04-20/101080560.html. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Gao, Yifei 高一飞, and Zhao, Yicheng 赵毅城. 2018. “Current reform on the adjudicative supervision of court leaders and divisional leaders [院庭长审判监督管理机制的当前改革].” Hunan Social Sciences Journal 《湖南社会科学》 (6):64–75.Google Scholar

Gao, Yuyang 高语阳. 2019b. “Sixteen new offices of the CCDI/NSC accounced [中央纪委国家监委16个新设室职责公布].” In China Youth Daily 《中国青年报》.Google Scholar

Ge, Yan 葛燕. 2020. “A Study of the Law Implementation and Supervision of Local Party Political-Legal Committees [地方党委政法委执法监督工作问题研究].” Inner Mongolia University.Google Scholar

General Office, of the Party Center. 1985. “Notification on Enhancing Cadre Equippment in People’s Courts and Procuratorates at All Levels [关于加强地方各级法院, 检察院干部配备的通知].”Google Scholar

General Office, of the Party Center. 2015. “Central Office Circulates Three Measures on Nomination of CDI Secretaries [中办印发三个提名考察办法].” in People’s Daily.Google Scholar

General Office, of the Party Center. 2019. “Rules of Inspection and Disciplinary Work of CDIs [中国共产党纪律检查机关监督执纪工作规则].”Google Scholar

Gill, Graeme. 1988. The Rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gold, Thomas, et al. 2002a. “An introduction to the study of guanxi.” Pp. 1–20 in Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, edited by Gold, Thomas, Guthrie, Doug, and Wank, David. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gold, Thomas, (Ed.). 2002b. Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Goldstein, Avery. 1991. From Bandwagon to Balance-of-Power Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Gong, Cheng. 2007. “The secret and confession of a boss of an auction house [一个拍卖行老板的秘密与忏悔].” Southern Weekly 《南方周刊》. www.infzm.com/content/1929. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Gong, Ting. 1997. “Forms and characteristics of China’s corruption in the 1990s: Change with continuity.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 30(3):277–88.Google Scholar

Gong, Ting. 2002. “Dangerous collusion: Corruption as a collective venture in contemporary China.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 35:85–103.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gong, Ting. 2004. “Dependent judiciary and unaccountable judges: Judicial corruption in contemporary China.” China Review 4(2):33–54.Google Scholar

Gong, Ting. 2008a. “The Party Discipline Inspection in China: Its evolving trajectory and embedded dilemmas.” Crime, Law and Social Change 49(2):139–52.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gong, Ting. 2008b. “The Party Discipline Inspection in China: Its evolving trajectory and embedded dilemmas.” Crime, Law and Social Change 49:139–52.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gong, Ting, and Ren, Jianming. 2012. “Hard rules and soft constraints: Regulating conflict of interest in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 22(79):1–17.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gong, Ting, and Ma, Stephen. 2008c. “Corruption and anti-corruption reform in and beyond China [Special Issue].” Crime, Law & Social Change 49(1–2):1–6CrossRef Google Scholar

Graeff, Peter. 2005. “Why should one trust in corruption?” In The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, edited by Lambsdorff, J. G. et al. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Guangdong, High Court 广东高级人民法院. 2021a. “Guideline to the Implementation of the Three Regulations to Prevent Judicial Interference [严格执行防止干预司法三个规定工作指引].”Google Scholar

Guangdong, High Court. 2021b. “Implementation Guidelines of Three Regulations to Prevent Judicial Interference [严格执行防止干预司法”三个规定”工作指引].”Google Scholar

Guo, Dehong 郭德宏. 2014a. Chronicle of Wang Ming 《王明年谱》. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press.Google Scholar

Guo, Wengui. 2017. “Streaming broadcast: Meng Huiqing also investigated Wang Qishan in connection with the case on Liu Zhihua (EP−031) [孟会青调查刘志华时也调查了王岐山].” www.youtube.com/watch?v=keSArPRyAGU. Accessed on January 10, 2023.Google Scholar

Guo, Xuezhi. 2001. “Dimensions of guanxi in Chinese elite politics.” The China Journal 46(Jul.):69–90.CrossRef Google Scholar

Guo, Xuezhi. 2014b. “Controlling corruption in the Party: China’s Central Discipline Inspection Commission.” The China Quarterly 219:597–624.CrossRef Google Scholar

Guo, Yong. 2008. “Corruption in transitional China: An empirical analysis.” The China Quarterly 194(June):349–64.CrossRef Google Scholar

Guo, Yong 过勇. 2012. “The reformative process of the Chinese Communist Party’s Disciplinary Inspection Committee in the new era [新时期中国共产党纪律检查委员会的改革历程].” Comparative Studies of Economic and Social Systems 《经济社会体制比较》 (5):130–44.Google Scholar

Guo, Yong 过勇. 2014c. “A study of the outpost practice of the discipline/inspection and supervision institutions [中国纪检监察派驻制度研究].” Journal of National Administrative College 《国家行政学院学报》 (2):112–16.Google Scholar

Guoxing, Cao. 2015. “Guo Wengui story: A power battle between intelligence agencies [郭文贵故事：情报机构掌握权之争].” https://rb.gy/j5jmda. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Guyot, Erik, Sender, Henny, and Chan, Cathy. 1999. “Gitic creditors are shocked to learn extent of their losses.” The Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/SB924743965101288676. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A., and Taylor, Rosemary C. R.. 1996. “Political science and the three new institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44(5):936–57.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hamrin, Carol Lee, and Zhao, Suisheng. 1995. Introduction: Core Issues in Understanding the Decision Process. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Han, Dayuan 韩大元. 2017. “Several constitutional issues in the national supervision institutional reform [论国家监察体制改革中的若干宪法问题].” 《法学评论》 (3).Google Scholar

Harding, Jacob. 2014. “Corruption or guanxi? Differentiating between the legitimate, unethical, and corrupt activities of Chinese government officials.” UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal 31(2):128–45.CrossRef Google Scholar

Harfield, Clive. 2010. “The governance of covert investigation.” Melbourne University Law Review 34:773–804.Google Scholar

Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Mills, Judson. 1999. “Chapter 1: An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory.” In Cognitive Dissonance: Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology, edited by Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Mills, Judson. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

He, Fang 何方. 2019. Notes on Party History: From Zunyi Conference to Yan’an Rectification Campaign (enlarged edition) 《党史笔记：从遵义会议到延安整风 (增订版)》. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar

He, Jiahong. 2016. Back From the Dead: Wrongful Convictions and Criminal Justice in China. Hawaii, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

He, Xin. 2008. “Lack of financial funding and judicial corruption in China’s courts [中国法院的财政不足与司法腐败].” 21st Century Bimonthly 《21世纪双月刊》 (2).Google Scholar

He, Xin. 2009. “Court finance and court responses to judicial reforms: A tale of two Chinese courts.” Law & Policy 31(4):463–86.CrossRef Google Scholar

He, Xin. 2011. “Black hole of responsibility: The Adjudication Committee’s role in the Chinese court.” Law & Society Review.CrossRef Google Scholar

He, Xin. 2021. “Pressures on Chinese judges under Xi.” The China Journal 85:49–74.CrossRef Google Scholar

He, Xin 贺欣. 2006. “Ill-functioned basic courts? [运作不良的法院].” Law and Social Science 《法律与社会科学》 1:30–66.Google Scholar

Hedström, Peter, and Ylikoski, Petri. 2010. “Causal mechanisms in the social sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 36:67.CrossRef Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian. 2008. “Policy experimentation in China’s economic rise.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43:26.CrossRef Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian, and Kirchberger, Sarah. 2000. “The Chinese nomenklatura in transition.” China Analysis (1):1–13.Google Scholar

Henderson, Keith. 2007. “The rule of law and judicial corruption in China: Half-way over the Great Wall.” in Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems, edited by Transparency International. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hillman, Ben. 2014. Power and Patronage: Local State Networks and Party-State Resilience in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Ho, Matt. 2020. “China investigates former aide of Vice-President Wang Qishan for alleged corruption.” South China Morning Post. https://rb.gy/xn4xik. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Hou, Meng 侯猛. 2013. “An explanation of the relationship between the Party and the courts – From the perspective of the Political-Legal Committee [“党与政法”关系的展开 — 以政法委员会为研究中心].” The Jurists 《法学家》 (2):1–15.Google Scholar

Hou, Meng. 2021. The Process of Justice, Based on the Survey of the Supreme People’s Court 《司法的运作过程：基于对最高人民法院的观察》. Beijing: China Legal Publishing House.Google Scholar

Hu, Ben 胡贲. 2010. “Leaders’ instructive remarks: subtle drafting/interpretative craft and circulation logic [“领导批示”：微妙技巧与传阅逻辑].” Southern Weekend 《南方周末》. www.infzm.com/contents/47027?source=124&source_1=48527. Accessed on April 9, 2024.Google Scholar

Hu, Jing 胡静. 2017. “Straightly enforcing the qingshi baogao protocol [把讲政治贯穿监督执纪全过程 – 严格执行请示报告制度].” China Jijian Jiancha Magazine 《中国纪检监察》 12:28–29.Google Scholar

Hu, Xiabing et al. 胡夏冰等. 2002. “Judicial justice and the reform of the judiciary of China [司法公正与我国法官制度改革].” In Judicial Reform Review 《司法改革论评》, edited by Zhang, Weiping张卫平. Beijing: China Legal Publishing House.Google Scholar

Hu, Xiabing 胡夏冰, and Chen, Chunmei 陈春梅. 2012. “Critical reflection and reconstruction of the practice of remanding a case [我国民事发回重审制度：反思与重构].” Application of Law 《法律适用》 (8):53–57.Google Scholar

Hu, Xiaobo. 1994. “Political economy of decentralization and resource allocation in contemporary China.” Pp. 261. Durham, NC: Duke University.Google Scholar

Huang, Gufeng et al. 黄固锋等. 2006. “A survey report of bribe-giving conducted by Haizhu District Procuratorate [海珠区检察院对行贿人员的问卷调查报告].” On file with the author.Google Scholar

Huang, Jian et al. 黄剑等. 2018. “The dream and fight of Zhao Faqi [赵发琦的梦想与抗争].” Southern People’s Weekly 《南方人物周刊》. www.nfpeople.com/article/8054. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Huang, Jianliang, and Chen, Qiuhua. 2005. “A criminological analysis of embezzlement and bribery committed by judges [法官贪污贿赂犯罪分析].” Rule of Law Review Weekly 《法制评论周刊》.Google Scholar

Huang, Jing. 2000. Factionalism in Chinese Communist Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Huang, Mingyao et al. 黄明耀等. 2008. “Improving documents sign-off practice by court leaders and divisional leaders and responsibility of the collegial panel [合议庭职责和院庭长裁判文书签发权限制度的完善].” Journal of Southwestern University of Political Science and Law 《西南政法大学学报》 10(3):85–94.Google Scholar

Huang, Wenyi 黄文艺. 2020. “Normative principles of the PRC political-legal system [中国政法体制的规范性原理].” Chinese Journal of Law 《法学研究》 42(4):3–22.Google Scholar

Huang, Xiaoguang 黄孝光. 2021. “Judicial corruption scandal at Ji’nan Intermediate Court: Is it bribe-giving when lawyers gave judges money? [济南中院三法官受贿案：律师送钱”不是行贿”]？.” China Newsweek 《中国新闻周刊杂志》. https://export.shobserver.com/toutiao/html/385900.html. Accessed on December 28, 2023.Google Scholar

Huang, Yasheng. 1996. “Central-Local relations in China during the reform era: The economic and institutional dimensions.” World Development 24(4):655–72.CrossRef Google Scholar

Huang, Zhongshun 黄忠顺. 2015. “In-depth analysis of the mandatory judicial auction reform [司法强制拍卖改革的深度透析].” Modern Legal Science 《当代法学》 (1):49–58.Google Scholar

Huanqiu, Network 环球网. 2009. “Commissioner raises questions on the disappearance of a vice-minister of railway [委员质疑铁道部副部级官员被双规1年仍无说法].” Huanqiu Network 环球网. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-03-12/011717387766.shtml. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Ip, E. C. 2011. “The Supreme People’s Court and the political economy of judicial empowerment in contemporary China.” Columbia Journal of Asian Law 24(2):367–435.Google Scholar

Ip, E. C. 2008. “Judicial corruption and its threats to national governance in China.” Journal of Administration and Governance 3(1). https://shorturl.at/BM7Yl. Accessed on March 26, 2025Google Scholar

Jahiel, Abigail R. 1998. “The organization of environmental protection in China.” The China Quarterly 156:787.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ji, Fa 季珐, and Pan, Xinglong 潘兴龙. 2020. “An analysis of the case of former vice-president of Jilin High Court Lü Hongmin [吉林高院原副院长吕洪民严重违纪违法案剖析].” CCDI Newspaper 《中国纪检监察报》. www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2020/12-16/9363208.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Ji, Lu 吉陆. 2004. “Developers and officials engage in deceptive corruption [开发商与官员变相腐败].” Southern Metropolitan Paper 《南方都市报》. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Jia, Nan 贾楠, and Li, Fei 李菲. 2009. “The number of cadres of ethinic miniorities keeps rising in our country [我国少数民族干部数量不断扩大].” Daily, China Youth 《中国青年报》. Accessed on March 24, 2024.Google Scholar

Jia, Yucun贾雨村. 2021. “A Liaoning High Court judge remembered it wrong after taking a bribe [辽宁高院法官收钱后”记反了”].” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KYs9O8pM9yEKoNJVOfDnvQ. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Jiang, Bixin 江必新. 2020a. “Carefulling constructing the mechanism to dispel illegal interference [认真建构和完善排除非法干预的制度和机制].” People’s Courts Daily 《人民法院报》. http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/images/2020-04/08/02/2020040802_pdf.pdf. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Jiang, Chuan 江川. 2006. “The end of career of celebrity judge Tang Jikai [明星法官跑官买官末路].” Procuracy Affairs 《检察风云》. http://qkzz.net/Announce/announce.asp?BoardID=16200&ID=453104 Accessed on July 2, 2010. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Jiang, Laiying 蒋来用. 2017. “Historical lessons of and solutions regarding national supervision system reform [国家监察体制改革的实践与对策].” Journal of National Administrative College 《国家行政学院学报》 (2):10–16.Google Scholar

Jiang, Shigong 强世功. 2019a. “Chinese path and model of the rule of law [中国法治道路与法治模式 — 全球视野与中国经验].” Administrative Management Reform 《行政管理改革》 (8):21–8.Google Scholar

Jiang, Xi 蒋曦, and Wang, Minchao 王民超. 2014. “Chen Yun in historical junctures [历史转折中的陈云].” The Paper 《澎湃》. www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1265001. Accessed on July 20, 2023.Google Scholar

Jiang, Xiaotian 蒋小天. 2019b. “The “collapse” of the political legal system of Wuhan [武汉市政法系统”塌陷”].” Sohu News. www.sohu.com/a/295955567_161795. Accessed on February 17, 2024.Google Scholar

Jiang, Xinqi 蒋新祺. 2020b. “Unknown histories about Hua Guofeng [听华国锋讲不为人知的往事].” Hundred-Year Tide 《百年潮》. https://digest.creaders.net/2021/12/26/2434305.html. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Jiang, Zongfu 姜宗福. 2010. “Former deputy mayor of Lin Xiang city wrote about the hidden rules in the officialdom [湖南临湘原副市长披露亲身经历官场”潜规则”].” in Chinese News Network 中国新闻网.Google Scholar

Jiao, Hongchang 焦洪昌, and Ye, Yuanto 叶远涛. 2017. “Constitutional safeguards of the National Supervision Commission reform [论国家监察体制改革的修宪保障].” Journal of Beijing Administrative College 《北京行政学院学报》 3: 10–16Google Scholar

Jin, Chongji 金冲及, and Chen, Qun 陈群. 2015. Biography of Chen Yun 《陈云传》. Beijing: Central Party Literature Press.Google Scholar

Jin, Yan 金焰. 2005. “The trial of the vice-president of Guangxi High Court Yang Duoming [广西高级法院副院长杨多铭受贿案审判纪实].” Democracy and Rule by Law 《民主与法制》. https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-08-16/14337512522.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Jing, Jian 荆剑. 2009. “Four sins of the former president of a Beijing court – Guo Shenggui[京城法院院长郭生贵的四宗罪].” Law and Life 《法律与生活》. https://news.sina.cn/sa/2009-02-25/detail-ikftpnny4102527.d.html. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Jing, Yuchuan 景玉川 2005. “The origin and development of the rehabilitation of Futian Incident [富田事变平反的前前后后].” Hundred Year Tide 《百年潮》. www.hxzq.net/aspshow/showarticle.asp?id=2353. Accessed on June 26, 2023.Google Scholar

Jiufeng Office, State Council. 2001. “Emergent notification to ban the issuance and use of vouchers [国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室、国家经贸委、中国人民银行关于严禁发放使用各种代币券（卡）的紧急通知].”Google Scholar

Jones, Carol A. G. 1994. “Capitalism, globalisation and rule of law: An alternative trajectory of legal change in China.” Social & Legal Studies 3(1):195–221.CrossRef Google Scholar

Jun, Mai. 2016. “What not to learn from Zhou Yongkang and Ling Jihua.” South China Morning Post.Google Scholar

Kautz, Carolin. 2022. “The ties that bind: Party social identity and the relevance of ideology for the Chinese Communist Party.” in Philosophischen Fakultät. Göttingen: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.Google Scholar

Keliher, Macabe, and Hsinchao, Wu. 2016. “Corruption, anticorruption, and the transformation of political culture in contemporary China.” The Journal of Asian Studies 75(1):5–18.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kipnis, Andrew B. 1997. Producing Guanxi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Kleiman, M., and Kilmer, B.. 2009. “The dynamics of deterrence.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106(34):14230–5.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kleiman, Mark A.R. 2005. “When Brute Force Fails: Strategic Thinking for Crime Control.” Report for the US Department of Justice.Google Scholar

Kong, Miao 孔淼. 2015. “Why is it difficult to abdicate from the deliberation and coordination bodies [职责外的议事协调机构为何难退出].” China Jijian Jiancha Magazine 《中国纪检监察杂志》 (8):33–5.Google Scholar

Kwok, Man-wai Tony. 2008. “Investigation of corruption cases.” Pp. 140–5 in The 11th International Training Course on the Criminal Justice Response to Corruption – Visiting Experts’ Papers. UN Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI).Google Scholar

Lai, Xing 赖星, Feng, Dapeng 冯大鹏, and Zhou, Nan 周楠. 2020. “Loan but not transfer – Be alert to the normalizing trend of cadre-loaning practice [借调借调，借而不调！基层随意性借调常态化值得警惕].” Xinhua Net 半月谈. www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-12/31/c_1126930038.htm. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Lambsdorff, J. G. 2002. “Making corrupt deals: Contracting in the shadow of the law.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 48(3):221.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lambsdorff, Johann Graf et al. 2004a. “Corruption contracting.” Pp. 1–15 in The New Institutional Economics of Corruption: Norms, Trust, and Reciprocity, edited by Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, et al. London: Routledge.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, et al (Eds.). 2004b. The New Institutional Economics of Corruption: Norms, Trust, and Reciprocity. London: Routledge.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lewis, Margaret K. 2012. “Presuming innocence, or rorruption, in China.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 50(2): 287–369.Google Scholar

Li, Cheng. 2012a. “The end of the CCP’s resilient authoritarianism? A tripartite assessment of shifting power in China.” The China Quarterly 211:595–623.Google Scholar

Li, De’en 李德恩. 2017b. “Two-dimensional construction of judicial responsibility [主审法官责任制构建之二维展开].” Journal of Southeast University 《东南大学学报》 19(6):101–10.Google Scholar

Li, Dongfang 李东方, and Chen, Jian 陈坚. 2018. “Early operation of the CCDI after its restoration [不负党中央重托打开工作新局面 — 中央纪委重建之初各项工作的展开].” in China Jijian Jiancha Daily 《中国纪检监察报》.Google Scholar

Li, Dongwen 李东文. 2005. “Shenzhen Da Shijie in both the black and white worlds [“黑白”之间的东门大世界].” in Southern Metropolis Newspaper 《南方都市报》.Google Scholar

Li, Ji. 2017c. “The power logic of justice in China.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 65(1):95–144.Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2012b. “The ‘production’ of corruption in China’s courts – The politics of judicial decision-making and its consequences in a one-party state.” Law & Social Inquiry 37(4):848–77.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2023. “Order of power in China’s courts.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 10(3):490–515.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2015a. “‘Rule of law’ in a Party-state – A conceptual interpretive framework of the constitutional reality of China.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 2(1):93–113.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2016a. “The Chinese Communist Party and People’s Courts – Judicial dependence in China.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 64(1):37–74.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2016b. “The rise of the Discipline and Inspection Commission, 1927–2012: Anticorruption investigation and decision-making in the Chinese Communist Party.” Modern China 42(5):447–82.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2019. “Politics of anticorruption in China: Paradigm change of the Party’s disciplinary regime 2012–2017.” Journal of Contemporary China 28(115):47–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2020a. “Appeal of Strategic Ambiguity on Party Centre – Reading the Party Directive on the Operation of the Central Committee (Part I).” https://rb.gy/eo2mxu. Accessed on November 18, 2023.Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2020b. “Mapping the power of the Party Centre – Reading the Party Directive on the Operation of the Central Committee.” https://shorturl.at/gsEKO. Accessed on November 19, 2023.Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2021. “The Muddled Case against Xi Jinping’s Third Term.” LSE Blogs.Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2022a. “The hidden significance and resilience of the age-limit norm of the Chinese Communist Party.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 20(19).Google Scholar

Li, Ling. 2023. “Order of power in China’s courts.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 10(3):490–515.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Ling, and Kautz, Carolin. 2021. “Corruption.” Oxford Bibliographies – Chinese Studies.Google Scholar

Li, Mingzi 李明子. 2022b. “Historical account of the establishment of the anticorruption bureau [反贪往事].” China’s Newsweek 《中国新闻周刊杂志》 1032.Google Scholar

Li, Na 李娜, and Yuan, Dingbo 袁定波. 2015. “Standardizing the practices regarding confiscation of illicit assets and preventing judicial corruption [“两办”规范刑事诉讼涉案财物处置八大举措杜绝暗箱操作司法腐败].” Legal Daily 《法制日报》. www.spp.gov.cn/llyj/201503/t20150304_92082.shtml. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Li, Runwen 李润文. 2008a. “Most officials implicated in the collusive corruption taken place in Fuyang Intermediate Court remain unpunished [安徽阜阳中院腐败窝案大多数涉案官员仍居原位].” China Youth Daily 《中国青年报》. www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/03-31/1206911.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Li, Shaowen 李少文. 2018. “NSC Reform Project of Constitutional Amendment – A controlled approach of constitutional changes [国家监察体制改革的修宪工程 — 宪制变革的一种控制方式 ].” Open Times 《开放时代》. https://rb.gy/z81gt3. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Li, Shuai 李帅. 2017a. “A study of open access to the secretive case dossier fron the perspective of judicial reform [司法改革视角下法院副卷公开研究].” Yunnan Social Sciences Journal 《云南社会科学》 (5):122–29.Google Scholar

Li, Wei 李伟. 2008b. “An investigation of Jiang Renjie’s Hundred-million Bribe [姜人杰亿元贿案调查].” Sanlian Life Weekly. www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2008/11-21/1458785.shtml. Accessed on December 27, 2023.Google Scholar

Li, Wenying 李闻莺. 2017d. “An interview with Wu Jianxiong by The Paper News [对话吴建雄].” The Paper.Google Scholar

Li, Xiang, and Wang, Chenbo. 2004. “Auditing Reform [审计变法].” China Newsweek 《中国新闻周刊》 (25):43–45.Google Scholar

Li, Yuwen. 2002. “Court reform in China: Problems, progress and prospects.” Pp. 55–84 in Implementation of Law in the People’s Republic of China, edited by Jianfu, Chen, Li, Yuwen, and Otto, Jan Michiel. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, Zhiyong 李志勇. 2015b. “History of the Dispatched Offices of CDIs [纪检监察派驻机构历史沿革],” in China Jijian Jiancha Daily 《中国纪检监察报》.Google Scholar

Liang, Xiaoxu 梁晓旭. 2018. “How to understand the qingshi baogao protocol in case investigation [如何理解调查过程中的重要事项应集体研究并按程序请示报告].” China Jijian Jiancha Magazine 《中国纪检监察》. www.zzjjjc.gov.cn/sitesources/zzsjwjw/page_pc/zzsjwjww/yys/ywkt/articlec5f5f9f303a04f209e5f8196da2b769c.html. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Lianhe, Zaobao. 2016. “How did Wang Zhaoguo miss the opportunity to become the core of the 4th generation of leadership? [王兆国因何错失成为第四代领导核心?]” Lianhe Zaobao Online Chinese version 《联合早报中文网》. www.kzaobao.com/mon/keji/20170622/38505_3.html. Accessed on January 17, 2024.Google Scholar

Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Lampton, David M. (Eds.). 1992. Bureaucracy, Politics and Decision Making in Post-Mao China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Oksenberg, Michel. 1988. Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin L. 2007. “China’s courts: Restricted reform.” The China Quarterly 191:620–38.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lin, Justin Yifu, and Liu, Zhiqiang. 2000. “Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in China.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 49: 21.Google Scholar

Lin, Qian. 2009. “Exploring the litigation master’s mode of activities and its characteristics through the case of Yeyong’s litigation brokerage.” Peking University Law Review 10(1):6–24.Google Scholar

Lin, Ying 林莹. 2004. “Vice-president of Hainan High Court sentenced to 11 years in prison [受贿40万元、85.3万元巨额财产来源不明，省高级人民法院原副院长, 娄小平一审被判11年].” Southern Metropolitan Paper 《南国都市报》. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Lin, Yunhui 林蕴晖. 2003. “Dissent at the top of the Party on the Gao Rao Affair and the issue on the enhancement of the new democratic order [高岗事件与中共高层在巩固新民主主义秩序上的分歧].” 21th Century 《二十一世纪》 (78) August:62–8.Google Scholar

Lin, Yunhui. 2003. “Unpuzzling Mao Zedong’s absence at the 4th plenum of the 7th Party Congress [毛泽东缺席中共七届四中全会释疑].” 21st Century 《二十一世纪》. www.yantan.us/blog/?action-viewthread-tid-75097. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Lin, Yunhui 林蕴辉. 2017. A Re-examination of the Gao/Rao Anti-Party Incident 《重考高岗, 饶恕石”反党”事件》. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar

Liu, Bingxiang 刘炳香. 2021a. “A study on Party-groups and its practices of democratic centralism [关于党组及其民主集中制执行力问题研究].” Journal of Party School of Tianjin Party Committee. www.xuexi.cn/lgpage/detail/index.html?id=2872439256918763308&item_id=2872439256918763308. Accessed on March 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Liu, Man 刘嫚. 2021b. “Twenty enforcement judges fell for corruption in one year [一年内20余名执行法官接连落马].” Sohu News. www.sohu.com/a/484195256_161795. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Liu, Min 刘敏. 2014a. “Neither online auction nor traditional court auction can prevent corruption [网络司法拍卖和传统的司法拍卖都难以防止腐败].” www.dyzxw.org/html/article/201406/24/175831.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Liu, Mingxing, Shih, Victor, and Zhang, Dong. 2018. “The fall of the Old Guards: Explaining decentralization in China.” Studies in Comparative International Development 53(4):379–403.CrossRef Google Scholar

Liu, Renzhou. 2004. “Zooming in the falling trajectory of Mai Chongkai [聚焦麦崇凯沉沦的轨迹].” Procuratorial Review 《检察风云》. www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SPMF200403000.htm. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Liu, Ruirong 刘瑞榕, and Liu, Fangquan 刘方权. 2002. “The initiation of criminal litigation procedure: A critique of the current case-registration practices in China [刑事诉讼程序启动研究 — 对我国现行立案制度的质疑].” Chinese Criminal Law Journal 《中国刑事法杂志》 (1):80–97.Google Scholar

Liu, Shuyin 刘姝殷, and Xiao, Ruiming 肖瑞宁. 2022. “The developmental logic and political meaning of the practice of conjoining offices from the perspective of the national deepening reform – with a focus on the CDI institutional reform [全国深化改革视域下合署办公的演进逻辑与政治意蕴 — 以纪检监察机构改革为中心].” Public Governance Studies 《公共治理研究》 34(6):73–82.Google Scholar

Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terrence. 2016. Criminal Defense in China: The Politics of Lawyers at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Liu, Songfu 刘松福. 2008. “The shift from collective leadership to dictatorship: The changes of decision-making at the top of the Party before and after the Yan’an Rectification Campaign [集体领导如何演变为个人独断―中共延安整风前后党内高层决策体制之变迁].” Modern China Studies (2).Google Scholar

Liu, Tao 刘涛. 2012a. “A Study of the Political and Judiciary Commission in Contemporary China: The Polical and Judiciary Commission of X County as Reference [当代中国政法委员会研究 — 以X县政法委员会为参照].” Jilin University Law School.Google Scholar

Liu, Xuanxi刘绚兮. 2022. “Bureaucratic stratification – Binary structure of personal management in China’s courts [科层中的分流 — 中国法院人事管理制度的二元结构.” Peking University Law Journal 《中外法学》 34(4):885–902.Google Scholar

Liu, Zhe 刘喆. 2018. Diary of a Procurator 《检察官日记》. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar

Liu, Zhiming 刘志明. 2005. “Corrupt alliance of Chief Justice Wu Zhenhan [大法官吴振汉的腐败同盟].” Southern People Magazine (Weekly) 《南方人物周刊》. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Liu, Zhiqiang 刘志强. 2021c. “Second Press Conference of the Political-Legal Rectification Campaign [政法队伍教育整顿第二次新闻发布会].” www.legaldaily.com.cn/direct_seeding/node_106320.html. Accessed on January 5, 2023.Google Scholar

Liu, Zhong 刘忠. 2012b. “The Production of Court Presidents under the Strip-Block Relations [条条与块块关系下的法院院长产生].” Global Law Review 《环球法律评论》 (1).Google Scholar

Liu, Zhong. 2012c. “Scale and Internal Governance: Historical Vicissitude of Court Bianzhi System (1978–2008 ) [规模与内部治理：中国法院编制变迁三十年（1978–2008）].” Rule by Law and Society 《法制与社会》 (5):47–64.Google Scholar

Liu, Zhong. 2013. “The Shaping of the Thought of Party Governing Politics and Law in Organization History (1949–1958) [“党管政法”思想的组织史生成 (1949–1958).]” The Jurists 《法学家》 (2):16–32.Google Scholar

Liu, Zhong. 2014b. “Reading and Interpreting shuanggui: Informal anticorruption procedure from the criminal technical investigation perspective [读解双规 —— 侦查技术视域内的反贪非正式程序].” Peking University Law Journal 《中外法学》 (1):209–33.Google Scholar

Lo, Ming-cheng M, Otis, Eileen M.. 2003. “Guanxi civility: Processes, potentials, and contingencies.” Politics & Society 31(1):131–62.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lű, Jiao 吕浇. 1992. “Historical development of the conduction of criminal investigation by the procuratorates [我国检察机关自侦工作的历史沿革].” Procuratorial Theory Research 《检察理论研究》 (1):83–7.Google Scholar

Lu, Jinzeng 陆金增. 2007. “Shopping-Card Induces Civil Servant Crimes [购物卡易诱发职务犯罪].” Justice Network [正义网]. www.jcrb.com/200707/ca616445.htm. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Lu, Jun. 2018. “Human rights lawyers’ role in rights NGOs in China: History and future.” Fordham International Law Journal 41: 1197–1214Google Scholar

Lu, Yunda 陆云达, and Zhang, Yan 张琰. 2015. “We must put adherence to the Party’s political disciplines and political code of conduct in the first place [要把严守党的政治纪律和政治规矩排在首位].” CCDI Press Release.Google Scholar

Lui, Francis T. 1986. “A dynamic model of corruption deterrence.” Journal of Public Economics 31:215–36CrossRef Google Scholar

Luo, Jieqi 罗洁琪, and He, Xin 贺信. 2012. “The other side of the Li Zhuang Case [李庄案另一面].” Caixin Weekly. https://magazine.caixin.com/2012-11-30/100467171.html. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Luo, Meng 罗猛. 2012. “Technical investigative measures need to be regulated [技术侦查措施要规范适用].” Procuracy Daily 《检察日报》. www.spp.gov.cn/llyj/201211/t20121102_29181.shtml. Accessed on January 23, 2024.Google Scholar

Luo, Shuping 罗书平. 2002. “The practice of adjudication by seeking approval from the adjudicative committee should be abandoned [审判委员会审批案件制度应予取消].” Judicial Reform Review 《司法改革论评》 3:51–74.Google Scholar

Luo, Yadong. 1997. ““Guanxi”: Principles, philosophies, and implications.” Human Systems Management 16:43–51.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ma, Haibin 马海斌. 2004. “Characteristics, causes, trends and counter-measures regarding white-collar crimes in contemproary China [当前职务犯罪的特点,原因和发展趋势及其方法对策].” Pp. 346–50, in Investigative Report on Professional Crimes and its Prevention of China 《中国职务犯罪预防调查报告》, edited by Chinese Society of Criminology Beijing: Criminology Research Society of China.Google Scholar

Ma, Stephen K. 2008. “The dual nature of anti-corruption agencies in China.” Crime, Law & Social Change 49:153–65.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ma, Xiaoying, and Ortolano, Leonard. 2000. Environmental Regulation in China: Institutions, Enforcement, and Compliance. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

MacFarquhar, Roderick. 2012. Mao’s Last Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible power-sharing and the longevity of authoritarian rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41:741.CrossRef Google Scholar

Magazine, China Procuracy. 2011. “An analysis of the corruption case of Yang Xiancai, head of enforcement bureau of Guangdong High Court [广东省高级人民法院执行局原局长、高级法官杨贤才案件剖析].” 《中国监察》 China Procuracy Magazine.Google Scholar

Malenkov, G. M. 1949. “On the Occasion of the 70th Birthday of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.” Pravda Articles, made available by Marxists Internet Archive (December 21, 1949).Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2004a. “Anticorruption campaigns as enforcement mechanisms.” Pp. 155–99, in Corruption by Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2004b. Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2016. “Taking China’s anticorruption campaign seriously.” Economic and Political Studies 4(1):3–18.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie 1996. “Corruption by design: Bribery in Chinese enterprise licensing.” The Journal of Law, Economics & Organization 12(1):167–95.Google Scholar

Mao, Zedong. 1957. “Speech at the Qingdao Conference (Transcript) [在青岛会议上的讲话].” P. 456, in Selected Works of Mao Zedong 《毛泽东文集》. Beijing: Renmin Publishing House.Google Scholar

Mao, Zedong. 1958. “Speech at the Enlarged Politburo Meeting at Beidaihe Part IV [在北戴河政治局扩大会议上的讲话（四）].” Marxist Philosophy Database. www.marxists.org/chinese/maozedong/1968/4-052.htm. Accessed on December 23, 2023.Google Scholar

Mao, Zedong. 1962. “Speech at the Enlarged Central Work Conference on Jan. 30 [在扩大的中央工作会议上的讲话].”Google Scholar

Mao, Zedong. 1999. “Speech delivered at the National Party Propaganda Conference [在中国共产党全国宣传工作会议上的讲话].” Pp. 273–74, in Collected Works of Mao Zedong 《⽑泽东⽂集》. Beijing: Renmin Publishing House.Google Scholar

Mauss, Marcel. 1967. The Gift. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Meng, Hualiang 孟焕良. 2015. “Court auction returning back to the autonomous model [司法拍卖回归自主模式].” Legal Daily 《法制日报》. http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/html/2015-02/12/content_93925.htm?div=-1. Accessed on July 4, 2023.Google Scholar

Mertha, Andrew. 2019. “Rectification.” Pp. 207–13, in Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi, edited by Sorace, Christian, Franceschini, Ivan, and Loubere, Nicholas. Canberra: The ANU Press.Google Scholar

Milgrom, Paul R., North, Douglass C., Weingast, Barry R. 1990. “The role of institutions in the revival of trade: The law merchant, private judges and the champagne fairs.” Economics & Politics 2(1):1–23.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Tom. 2018. “Xi Jinping ally Wang Qishan confirmed as China vice-president.” Financial Times. www.ft.com/content/aa260008-28d3-11e8-b27e-cc62a39d57a0. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Mittelstaedt, Jean Christopher. 2021. “Rebuilding authority: The Party’s relationship with its grassroots organizations.” The China Quarterly 248(S1):244–64.Google Scholar

Mo, Yanzhen 莫燕珍, and Rui, Li 李锐. 2006. “A survey report of bribe-taking conducted by Haizhu District Procuratorate [海珠区检察院对受贿人员的问卷调查报告].” On file with the author.Google Scholar

Nakazawa, Katsuji. 2018. “Only Wang Qishan knew what Xi Jinping was going to do.” Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/China-up-close/Only-Wang-Qishan-knew-what-Xi-Jinping-was-going-to-do. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Nathan, Andrew J. 1973. “A factionalism model for CCP politics.” The China Quarterly 53:34–66.CrossRef Google Scholar

Network, People’s. 2009a. “Former Chifeng City mayor Xu Guoyuan: I can’t remember who had given me money but only those who had not [赤峰原市长徐国元:记不住送钱人专记不送者].” People’s Network 人民网. https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJmeRc. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Network, Phoenix. 2009b. “Liu Shaoqi in the eyes of legal practitioners [法律人眼中的刘少奇].” Modern History of China –Phoenix Network. https://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/200911/1112_7180_1433081_2.shtml. Accessed on December 23, 2023.Google Scholar

News, Sohu. 2018. “Justice Delayed: Top 10 Recent Wrongful Conviction Case [迟到的公正：盘点近年来十大冤假错案].” www.sohu.com/a/232381683_581209. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Newspaper, Xinjing. 2005. “Insiders reveal the dirty details behind the antique auctions [知情人揭露文物拍卖黑幕].” Xinjing Newspaper 《新京报》. www.cnhubei.com/200502/ca691716.htm. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Newspaper, Xinjing. 2008. “CCDI deputy secretary He Yong: The CCDI has no intention to institute vertical administration [中纪委副书记何勇：中纪委无意”垂直管理”].” Xinjing Newspaper 《新京报》. www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/03-08/1185872.shtml. Accessed on December 17, 2023.Google Scholar

Newspaper, Xinjing. 2017. “Qu Long, Guo Wengui’s former business partner aquitted after being wronged for 15 years [蒙冤被判15年郭文贵昔日伙伴曲龙再审改判无罪].” Pp. A12–A13 in Xinjing Newspaper 《新京报》.Google Scholar

Newsweek, China’s. 2014. “A guide to meritorous performance in prison [狱中立功指南].” China’s Newsweek 《中国新闻周刊杂志》. https://news.sohu.com/20140123/n394044017.shtml. Accessed on January 5, 2024.Google Scholar

Ng, Kwai Hang, and He, Xin. 2017. Embedded Courts: Judicial Decision-making in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Nie, Huihua. 2015a. “CDIs shall exert complete vertical supervision [建议纪委”全面垂直”监督].” Southern Metropolitan《南方都市报》. Accessed on November 1, 2023.Google Scholar

Nie, Huihua 聂辉华. 2015b. “CDI shall be subject to full vertical administration [建议纪委”全面垂直”监督].” Southern Metropolitan Newspaper 《南方都市报》. http://nads.ruc.edu.cn/xzgd/9d2e3469fd2149d9b9f4d47c258be4a8.htm. Accessed on December 17, 2023.Google Scholar

Ning, Jingbo 宁静波. 2020. “An empirical study on incentive factors and effects for judges from the Basic People’s Courts [基层法院法官激励因素与激励效果的实证研究].” Journal of Shandong University 《山东大学学报》 (5):53–63.Google Scholar

Ning, Yu, Juanjuan, Wang, and Jia, Denise. 2021. “Cover story: HNA Group’s final crisis.” Caixin Global. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Nitschka, Thomas. 2018. “Did China’s anti-corruption campaign affect the risk premium on stocks of global luxury goods firms?” Swiss National Bank. Online publication. Link: https://shorturl.at/ju5Ng Google Scholar

Niu, Xiaobo 牛晓波. 2005. “Subtle Entanglement between Judges and Lawyers [法官与律师的微妙纠缠].” 21st Century Economic Report 21《世纪经济报道》. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5b7b36210100apa3.html. Accessed on June 27, 2018.Google Scholar

Noonan, John T. 1984. Bribes: The Intellectual History of a Moral Idea. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

NPC, National People’s Congress. 2005. “Interpretation of the Civil Servant Law Chapter 3 Functions and Ranks [公务员法释义第三章职务与级别].” www.npc.gov.cn/c12434/c1793/c1852/c2189/201905/t20190522_7594.html. Accessed on March 7, 2024.Google Scholar

NPDC, 中国共产党全国代表会议. 1955. “Central Party’s Decision on the Anti-Party Alliance of Gao Gang and Rao Shushi [中共中央关于高岗饶漱石反党联盟的决议].”Google Scholar

OECD, Secretariat of the Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 2010. “Proceedings of Expert Seminar ‘Effective Means of Investigation and Prosecution of Corruption’.”Google Scholar

Office, Center Party History 中共党史研究室. 1966. “Mao’s Conversations with Kang Sheng and Jiangqing at Shanghai during 28–30 March 1966.” Party Chronicles 1966 《中国共产党大事记1966年》. http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64164/4416081.html. Accessed on January 14, 2023.Google Scholar

Oksenberg, Michel. 1969. Sources and Methodological Problems in the Study of Contemporary China. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Oksenberg, Michel. 1974. “Methods of communication within the Chinese bureaucracy.” The China Quarterly 57:1–39.CrossRef Google Scholar

Osnos, Evan. 2013. “China targets corruption, luxury brands mourn.” New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/china-targets-corruption-luxury-brands-mourn. Accessed on October 29, 2023.Google Scholar

Paper, The. 2020. “Female judge with a family asset worth 20 million sentenced to 18 years in prison [被举报”身家200亿”的女法官获刑18年].” The Paper. https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_10271316. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Paper, The. 2022. “Court decision to be announed on Wednesday on the subcontractor who is charged for blackmailing Zhang Jiahui [包工头”偷拍张家慧打麻将”敲诈案周三一审宣判].” The Paper. https://news.cctv.com/2022/12/27/ARTIK38ePDNsidrqdLqivo5H221227.shtml. Accessed on January 6, 2024.Google Scholar

Party, Centre. 2019. “The CCP Center’s Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Century of Struggle [中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议].”Google Scholar

Party Committee, Sichuan Province. 1960a. “Opinions regarding the supervisory work of the year of 1960 [四川省监察委员员关于1960年工作的意见].”Google Scholar

Party Committee, Sichuan Province. 1960b. “Report on the spirit of the provincial supervision conference regarding the Central Secretariat’s instructions on supervision work [全省监察工作会议关于中央书记处精神汇报].”Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 1996. “Microfoundations of state-socialism and patterns of economic transformation.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 29(2):131–45.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 2016. China’s Crony Capitalism: The Dynamics of Regime Decay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pei, Xiaofeng 裴晓峰. 2018. “Shangcheng District Supervision Reform [上城区监察体制改革],” in Shangcheng District Yearbook.Google Scholar

Peng, Jinxiu 彭劲秀. 2010. “The establishment, disbandment and restoration of the Central Party Monitoring and Inspection Committee [中共中央监察委员会的创设、取消与重建始末].” Party History Overview 《党史纵览》 (5):32–5.Google Scholar

Peng, Shuhua 彭树华, and Li, Jing 李菁. 2011. “A personal account of the trial of Pan Hannian [潘汉年审判亲历].” Sanlian Life Weekly 《三联生活周刊》. http://old.lifeweek.com.cn//2011/0511/32313.shtml. Accessed on January 7, 2023.Google Scholar

PeopleNet. 2011. “The funny act of touching the bottom of a tiger at the 7000 people conference [七千人大会上，毛泽东表演”摸老虎屁股”惹笑全场].” Renmin Network: Culture and History Channel 人民网: 文化和历史频道. http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16324467.html. Accessed on November 21, 2019.Google Scholar

PeopleNet, 人民网. 2015. “Unveiling the first embezzlement case in the PRC [揭秘新中国第一贪污案始末].” National Humanities and History 《国家人文历史》. http://news.sohu.com/20141029/n405584137.shtml. Accessed on March 9, 2024.Google Scholar

Pils, Eva. 2015. China’s Human Rights Lawyers and Contemporary Chinese Law: Advocacy and Resistance. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Podkul, Cezary. 2019. “HNA plans to drop defamation suit against exiled businessman Guo Wengui.” Wall Street Journal. https://rb.gy/llqmj4. Accessed on November 4, 2023.Google Scholar

Politburo. 1942. “Resolution regarding the Unification of the Party’s Leadership in Anti-Japanese Revolutionary Bases and the Adjustment of the Organizational Relations [关于统一抗日根据地党的领导及调整各组织间关系的决定].”Google Scholar

Politburo. 1950. “Work Rules of the Central Committee of Discipline and Inspection [中央纪律检查委员会工作细则].”Google Scholar

Politburo. 2012. “Decision of Eight Rules regarding Strengthening Relations with the Masses and Improving the Work Styles [关于改进工作作风、密切联系群众的八项规定].”Google Scholar

Potter, P. B. 2000. “Guanxi and the P.R.C. legal system: From contradiction to complementarity.” Pp. 179–95 in Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, edited by Gold, Thomas, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pozsgai-Alvarez, Joseph. 2021. “China’s gilded age: The paradox of economic boom and vast corruption, Yuen Yuen Ang. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2020. 266 pp. $39.99 (cloth).” Governance 34(1):251–52.CrossRef Google Scholar

Press, People’s Court. 2004. “Cases of Lü Zonghui, Zhao Zhengbing et al. [吕宗慧,赵征兵案].” Selection of Cases of People’s Courts 《人民法院案例选》. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Procuratorate, Haining People’s. 2010. “The Necessity to Equip Procuratorates’ with Technical Investigatory Power [检察机关配置技术侦查权的必要性].” Haining People’s Procuratorate.Google Scholar

Province A, CDI. 1953. “Speech of Comrade X at the 1st conference of discipline and inspection work of the Party Committee of Province A [某某同志在中共某省委第一次纪律检查工作会议上的发言].”Google Scholar

Province A, Party Supervision Commission of 1955. “Reply to the inquiry regarding the establishment of X prefecture Party supervision commission [中共X地委纪委关于询问成立监委组织机构问题的答复].”Google Scholar

Province A, Party Supervision Commission of 1955. 1956. “Brief on the 1st National Conference of Supervision Work of the Party [党的第一次全国监察工作会议的传达报告].”Google Scholar

Pye, Lucian W. 1995. “Factions and the politics of guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese administrative and political behaviour.” The China Journal 34:35–53.CrossRef Google Scholar

Qiang, Zhang 张强, and Haotian, Xu 许浩天. 2022. “Cadre loaning: A relational contract interpretive framework [干部借调：一个关系合约的解释性框架].” China’s Administrative Management 《中国行政管理》 (8):52–58.Google Scholar

Qianjiang, Evening Paper. 2010. “Huang Songyou is implicated in the auction of the unfinished real estate development project [中国第一烂尾楼拍卖案牵出黄松有贪腐问题].” Qianjiang Evening Paper 《钱江晚报》. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-01-15/111719475406.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Qin, Qianhong 秦前红. 2017a. “Conundrum, reform and the way out: From a tri-horse carriage to national supervision – reflections on the constitutional framework of the National Supervision Legal System [困境、改革与出路：从”三驾马车”到国家监察 – 我国监察体系的宪制思考].” Chinese Law Review 《中国法律评论》 (1):176–82.Google Scholar

Qin, Qianhong. 2017b. “An investigation of the legal authorization of the pilot program of the National Supervision Commission reform [“重大改革于法有据”· 国家监察委员会授权考].” China Law Review 《中国法律评论》. https://rb.gy/dvy4mq. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Qin, Qianhong. 2017c. “Logic and method of supervision reform [监察体制改革的逻辑与方法].” Global Law Review 《环球法律评论》 (2).Google Scholar

Qiu, Xueqiang 邱学强. 2018. “Historical lessons and inspiration from the internal institutional reform of the procuracy since its restoration [恢复重建以来检察机关内设机构改革的历史经验与启示].” Procuracy Daily 《检察日报》. www.spp.gov.cn/zdgz/201811/t20181113_398859.shtml. Accessed on February 25, 2024.Google Scholar

Qu, Peng 瞿芃. 2018. “Separating the front and back stages and installing a checking mechanism [“前台后台”分设相互监督制衡 ——纪检监察机关强化自我监督系列报道（五）].” China Jijian Jiancha Daily 《中国纪检监察报》. www.moj.gov.cn/pub/sfbgw/jgsz/gjjwzsfbjjz/zyzsfbjjzzlk/202102/t20210223_186328.html. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Quality Watch, China. 2006. “Court released seized assets and kept it secret from the winning litigant: Supervised by Guangxi Political and Legal Committee [法院隐瞒胜诉方解除查封房产续：广西政法委督办].” China Quality Watch 《中国质量万里行》. http://news.sina.com.cn/s/l/2006-11-07/120611448807.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Quinn, Stephen. 1996. “Gold, silver, and the Glorious Revolution: Arbitrage between Bills of Exchange and bullion.” The Economic History Review 49(3):473–90.Google Scholar

Ranasinghe, Dhara. 2014. “Tough times for luxury retail in China.” CNBC. www.cnbc.com/2014/06/19/tough-times-for-luxury-retail-in-china.html. Accessed on October 29, 2023.Google Scholar

Read, F. 1926. “The origin, early history, and later development of Bills of Exchange and certain other negotiable instruments.” Canadian Bar Review 4:440.Google Scholar

Rees, E. A. 1987. State Control in Soviet Russia: The Rise and Fall of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 1920–1934. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Ren, Hengjun 任恒俊. 2003. Rules in the Officialdom of Late Qing Dynasty《晚清官场规则研究》. Haikou, Hainan.Google Scholar

Ren, Jianming, and Zhizhou, Du. 2008. “Institutionalized corruption: Power overconcentration of the First-in-Command in China.” Crime, Law and Social Change 49:45–59.Google Scholar

Ren, Zhiqiang. 2013. “Wang Qishan was like our big brother - An exerpt from Ren Zhiqiang’s memoir [初中辅导员是王岐山就像我们大哥哥].” China Newsweek 《中国新闻周刊》. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308123103/http://history.sohu.com/20131029/n389134064.shtml. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Reuters. 2017. “Chinese conglomerate HNA sues exiled tycoon Guo.” Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-china-corruption-tycoon-idUSKBN1970GP. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Ruan, Ming 阮铭. 1992. Deng Xiaoping Empire 《邓小平帝国》. Taiwan: Reading Times Press.Google Scholar

Samuli, Seppanen. 2022. “Turning the party state inside out: CCP intra-party regulations as a theoretical challenge.” Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 10:139.Google Scholar

Sapio, Flora. 2008. “Shuanggui and extralegal detention in China.” China Information 22(1):7–37.CrossRef Google Scholar

Schoenhals, Michael. 1996. “The Central Case Examination Group, 1966-79.” The China Quarterly 145:87–111.Google Scholar

Schramm, Matthias, and Taube, Markus. 2002. “The institutional economics of legal institutions, guanxi, and corruption in the PR China”, in Corruption: Its Realities in Asia, edited by Kidd, J.. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Secretariat, Central 中央书记处. 2013. “Studying line issues is the [task] of the more in-depth and advanced phase of the rectification campaign [研究党的路线问题是整风的深人与高级阶段].” Pp. 255–56 in Full Collection of Mao Zedong’s Works 《毛泽东全集》. Beijing: Run Dong Publishing House.Google Scholar

Selznick, Philip. 1952. The Organizational Weapon: A Study of Bolshevik Strategy and Tactics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Google Scholar

Shen, Mengzhe 申孟哲. 2015. “What are political protocols of the Party [中共的政治规矩是什么].” in People’s Daily (Overseas Edition).Google Scholar

Shenzhen, Evening Paper. 2008. “Did Beijing vice-mayor fall because of a sex tape? [性爱录像扳倒北京副市长？]” Shenzhen Evening Paper 《深圳晚报》. https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-10-15/145314578677s.shtml. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Shi, Binhai, and Shi, Yijun. 2017. “The drafting process of Decision on Economic System Reform [《关于经济体制改革的决定》起草过程].” Yan Huang Chun Qiu 《炎黄春秋》 (7):8–14.Google Scholar

Shi, Suo 师索. 2022. “Qingshi protocol in anticorruption criminal investigation [腐败犯罪调查中的案件请示制度].” Science of Law 《法律科学》 (3):71–84.Google Scholar

Shi, Yanhong 石艳红. 2021. “From inspection and examination in one to separation of front and back stages [从监审合一到前后台分设].” China Jijian Jiancha Magazine 《中国纪检监察》 (2):52–55.Google Scholar

Shih, Victor C. 2022. Coalitions of the Weak. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Shin, Solee, and Lui, Lake. 2022. “Guanxi and moral articulation: Strategies of corruption during China’s anti-corruption drive.” The Journal of Development Studies 58(6):1124–39.CrossRef Google Scholar

Shu, Wei 舒炜, and Liu, Lan 刘兰. 2022. “Conundrums regarding cadre loaning [借调难题].” Clean Governance Watch 《廉政瞭望》 (8):16–17.Google Scholar

Shu, Wei 舒炜, Liu, Xiao 刘霄, and Yao, Xiaoxi 姚晓熙. 2014. “Unveil the secret game in the game of the Court Enforcement Bureau [揭秘法院执行”局中局”].” Clean Governance Watch 《廉政瞭望》. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1672368442368848033&wfr=spider&for=pc. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Shum, Desmond. 2021. Red Roulette: An Insider’s Story of Wealth, Power, Corruption, and Vengeance in Today’s China. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar

Shum, Desmond 沈栋. 2023a. “Be seated [请君入座].” Interview by Xiaojun Liao 廖筱君. Taiwan Plus www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWGS6rL0NTk. Accessed on January 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Shum, Desmond. 2023b. “How does Chinese elites get rich [中国权贵如何致富].” Interview by Hao Wang 汪浩. CTS Romance of Three Kingdoms 华视三国演义 www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0rdPtslWXc&t=1s. Accessed on January 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Shum, Desmond. 2023c. “Premier Wen Jiabao’s White Gloves [温家宝的白手套].” Interview by Kylie & Ken. The KK Show www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBzOZAjT3GE. Accessed on January 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Shum, Desmond. 2023d. “Special Interview of Desmond Shum [专访《红色赌盘》作者沈栋].” Interview by Zhongren Dai 戴忠仁. RFA Chat Show [亚洲很想聊]. www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuwfGg59BE0&t=1699s. Accessed on January 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Sina, Finance. 2022. “Dong Hong took bribes during his stint at the GITIC liquidation team [中央巡视组原副组长董宏被判死缓与担任广国投破产清算组成员时受贿有关].” Sina Finance Column. https://finance.sina.com.cn/trust/roll/2022-01-29/doc-ikyamrmz8022690.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan, Fenner, Sofia. 2011. “State power and staying power: Infrastructural mechanisms and authoritarian durability.” Journal of International Affairs 65(1):15–29.Google Scholar

Smart, Alan. 1993. “Gift, bribes and guanxi: A reconsideration of Bourdieu’s social capital.” Cultural Anthropology 8(3):388–408.CrossRef Google Scholar

Snape, Holly. 2019a. “Party leadership and legislating: Party documents through a Party–State relationship lens.” Chinese Law & Government 51(5–6):299–314.CrossRef Google Scholar

Snape, Holly. 2019b. “Party regulations: Changing the rules of the game?” Chinese Law & Government 51(5–6):255–59.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sohu, Finance. 2010. “Former CDB Vice-President Wang Yi faces trial [原国开行副行长王益受贿千万受审].” Special Column of Sohu Finance. http://finance.sina.com.cn/focus/gkh_wangyi/. Accessed on January 3, 2024.Google Scholar

Sohu, News. 2021. “SPC enforcement division head Meng Xiang fell for corruption who had vowed to punish corruption in his division [最高法执行局局长孟祥落马，曾回应执行人员贪污称要刀刃向内].” Sohu News. www.sohu.com/a/477896618_161795. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Song, Shige 宋时歌. 2005. “The lapsing effect of power-transfer: An interpretation of the elite reproduction and recycle in the process of market transition of socialist countries [权力转换的延迟效应：对社会主义国家向市场转变过程的精英再生与循环的一种解释].” Sociological Studies 《社会学研究》4:45–61.Google Scholar

SPC. 1999. “[人民法院五年改革纲要 1999–2003].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2000. “Regulation on issues concerning centralization of certain enforcement work by high courts [关于高级人民法院统一管理执行工作若干问题的规定].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2005. “Several Opinions of The Supreme People’s Court on Strengthening the Adjudicative ability and Raising the standard of adjudication [关于增强司法能力提高司法水平的若干意见].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2010. “Codes of Judicial Ethics.”Google Scholar

SPC. 2011. “Judgment on the appeal of KQL against XMEI [凯奇莱诉西安地矿勘查院合作勘查合同纠纷案].” 《民一终字》 :81.Google Scholar

SPC. 2015a. “Opinions on improving judicial accountabilities in people’s courts [关于完善人民法院司法责任制的若干意见].” 《法发》 :13.Google Scholar

SPC. 2015b. “Several Opinions on Perfecting Measures to Improve Judicial Accountability [最高人民法院关于完善人民法院司法责任制的若干意见].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2015c. “[领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理的记录、通报和责任追究规定].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2017. “Provisional Implementing Measures on Judicial Accountabilities [最高人民法院司法责任制实施意见（试行）].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2019. “Notice on the adjustments of the acceptance thresholds of first instance civial and commercial cases by high courts and intermediate courts [关于调整高级人民法院和中级人民法院管辖第一审民事案件标准的通知].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2021a. “Guiding Opinions on Perfecting the Supervisory Mechanism concerning Four Categories of Cases [关于进一步完善”四类案件”监督管理工作机制的指导意见].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2021b. “Guiding opinions on strengthening adjudicative supervision of four-types of cases [关于进一步完善”四类案件”监督管理工作机制的指导意见].”Google Scholar

SPC. 2023a. “Different rationale for the case review and case approval procedures [“阅核”与”审批”不同的理据].” SPC Official Wechat Account. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/vbBDSC3SETiNBI_55Y4hKQ. Accessed on December 1, 2023.Google Scholar

SPC. 2023b. “Work Report of the SPC submitted to the National People’s Congress [最高人民法院工作报告].”Google Scholar

SPC, and SPP. 2007. “Opinions on the Prosecution and Adjudication on Cases of the Crime of Bribe-taking [关于办理受贿刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见].”Google Scholar

SPC, and SPP. 2016. “Judicial interpretation on issues concerning the handling of criminal cases invovling embezzlement and bribery [关于办理贪污贿赂刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释].”Google Scholar

Spence, Jonathan D. 2013. The Search for Modern China. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar

Sperber, Nathan. 2023. “Party and state in China: Beyond the Soviet model.” New Left Review 142(Jul/Aug):29–53.CrossRef Google Scholar

SPP. 2015. “[中央司改办就规范刑事诉讼涉案财物处置工作意见答问.]”Google Scholar

Srivastava, Vinayank N. 1999. The Separation of the Party and the State: Political Leadership in Soviet and Post Soviet Phases. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Stalin, Joseph. 1928. “Against vulgarising the slogan of self-criticism.” Pravda 11(No. 146- June 26).Google Scholar

Stevenson, Alexandra. 2021. “HNA was once China’s biggest dealmaker. Now it faces bankruptcy.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/02/06/business/hna-was-once-chinas-biggest-dealmaker-now-it-faces-bankruptcy.html. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Su, Chenting, and Littlefield, James E.. 2001. “Enter7ing guanxi: A business ethical dilemma in mainland China?” Journal of Business Ethics 33:199–210.CrossRef Google Scholar

Su, Shaozhi. 2007. “Over the thought fence of Party Culture [超越党文化的思想樊篱].” Modern China Studies 《当代中国研究》.Google Scholar

Su, Weimin苏维民. 2008. “Yang Shangkun talks about the so-called “secretive recording” incident [杨尚昆谈所谓”秘密录音”].” Hundred Year Tide 《百年潮》 (4).Google Scholar

Su, Yang. 2011. Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sullivan, Lawrence R. 1984. “The role of the control organs in the Chinese Communist Party, 1977–83.” Far Eastern Survey 24(6):597–617.Google Scholar

Sun, Yan. 1991. “The Chinese protests of 1989: The issue of corruption.” Asian Survey 31(8):762–82.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sun, Yan. 2004. Corruption and Market in Contemporary China. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sun, Ying, and Hualing, Fu. 2022. “Of judge quota and judicial autonomy: An enduring professionalization project in China.” The China Quarterly:1–22.CrossRef Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2009. “Power sharing and leadership dynamics in authoritarian regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 53:494.CrossRef Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W.. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Taishan, Criminal Defense 泰山刑辨. 2023. “The case of Zhao Yongwei in Neijiang City [内江赵永韦案].” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/c6zH_oNNi9QKQXJWL-suHw. Accessed on February 18, 2024.Google Scholar

Tan, Shigui 谭世贵. 2000. A Study on Judicial Reform of China 《中国司法改革研究》. Beijing: Law Press.Google Scholar

Tanner, Harold M. 1999. “Strike Hard! Anti-crime campaigns and Chinese criminal justice, 1979–1985.” Pp. X, 253 S. Ithaca, NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot. 2007. “Campaign-style policing in China and its critics.” Pp. 1 online resource (256 p.) in Crime, Punishment, and Policing in China, edited by Bakken, Borge. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar

Tanzi, Vito. 1998. “Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope, and cures.” IMF Staff Papers 45(4):559–94.Google Scholar

Team, CPLC-Led Joint Investigative 中央政法委牵头的联合调查组. 2019. “Investigative report of the missing case dossier of KQL case [“凯奇莱案”卷宗丢失等问题调查结果]”. www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-02/22/content_5367791.htm. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Teiwes, Frederick C. 1990. Politics at Mao’s Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism in the Early 1950s. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Teiwes, Frederick C. 2001. “Normal Politics with Chinese Characteristics.” The China Journal, no. 45, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/3182368 CrossRef Google Scholar

Teiwes, Frederick C.. 2015. Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms, 1950–65. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Teiwes, Frederick C., and Sun, Warren. 2019. “Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping, and reversing the verdict on the 1976 “Tiananmen Incident”.” China Review 19(4):85–124.Google Scholar

Thelen, Kathleen. 1999. “Historical institutionalism in comparative politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2:369–404.CrossRef Google Scholar

Thelen, Kathleen, and Steinmo, Sven. 1992. “Historical institutionalism in comparative politics.” Pp. 1–32 in Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, edited by Longstreth, Frank, Thelen, Kathleen, and Steinmo, Sven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thornton, Patricia M. 2007. Disciplining the State: Virtue, Violence, and State-making in Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Tian, Fu 田夫. 2016. “A historical review of the independent exercise of judicial power in China [中国独立行使审判权制度的历史考察].” Global Law Review 《环球法律评论》 (2):36–47.Google Scholar

Tianjin, Daily. 2016. “Seven examples of violation of political discipline and political protocols [违反政治纪律政治规矩的七种主要表现].” in Tianjin Daily 《天津日报》.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2001. “Mechanisms in political process.” Annual Review of Political Science 4(1):21–41.Google Scholar

Torigian, Joseph. 2022. Prestige, Manipulation, and Coercion: Elite Power Struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Trevaskes, Susan. 2003. “Yanda 2001: Form and strategy in a Chinese anti-crime campaign.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 36:292.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tse, Don, and Ong, Larry. 2018. “Xi Jinping may turn to top ally to handle US pressure.” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/xi-jinping-may-turn-to-top-ally-to-handle-us-pressure/. Accessed on November 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Tsou, Tang. 1995. “Chinese politics at the top: Factionalism or informal politics? Balance-of-power politics or a game to win all?” The China Journal 34:95–156.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tsou, Tang. 2002. “Chinese politics at the top: Factionalism or informal politics?” Pp. 59–98 in The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang, edited by Unger, Jonathan. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

UNDOC. 2012. “Jakarta Statement on Principles for Anti-Corruption Agencies.”Google Scholar

UNDOC. 2020. “Colombo Commentary on The Jakarta Statement on Principles for Anticorruption Agencies.” edited by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar

UNDOC. 2024. “Measuring corruption.” in UNODC Module Series on Anti-Corruption: UNODC.Google Scholar

Unger, Jonathan. 2002. The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Van Rooij, Benjamin. 2006. “Implementation of Chinese environmental law: Regular enforcement and political campaigns.” Development and Change 37(1):57–74.CrossRef Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2023. “China’s extreme inequality: The structural legacies of state socialism.” The China Journal 90:1–26.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wan County, CDI 万县纪律检查委员会. 1951. “Notice to all county CDIs on December 25 [给各县（市）委纪委会的通知].”Google Scholar

Wan, Peng 万鹏. 2017. “New changes seen from the communique of the 7th Plenum of the 18th Party Congress [从十八届七中全会公报中的”12345”看全会新变化].” CCP News Online. http://cpc.people.com.cn/19th/n1/2017/1016/c414537–29589897.html. Accessed on November 5, 2023.Google Scholar

Wang, Congwu 王从吾. 1962. “Concluding summary speech delivered by Comrade Wang Cong Wu at the National Supervision Work Conference [王从吾同志在全国党的监察工作会议上的总结纪要].”Google Scholar

Wang, Duan. 2015. “The covered cards of Guo Wengui [郭文贵的底牌].” in Caixin Weekly.Google Scholar

Wang, Guoqiang王国强. 2018a. “What is the hundreds-of-billion Shanbei mining rights case that Cui Yongyuan talked about [崔永元说的陕北千亿矿权案到底是什么案子].” China Youth Daily Wechat account 《中国青年报》微信客户端. https://shareapp.cyol.com/cmsfile/News/201812/30/web169177.html. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Wang, Haiguang 王海光. 2014a. “Political dispute and power struggle: Reinterpretation of the origin of Gao Rao Affair [政争与权争：”高饶事件”起因再解读].” https://zhuanlan.sina.cn/article?ch=history&id=30301&vt=4&page=2. Accessed on February 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Wang, Heyan 王和岩. 2007. “A detailed analysis of the case of former president of Beijing Xicheng Court, Guo Shenggui [细解郭生贵案].” Caijing 《财经》. https://magazine.caixin.com/2007-09-17/100084891.html. Accessed on September 17, 2007.Google Scholar

Wang, Jinfu 汪金福, and Chen, Weiwei 陈维伟. 1998. “Luo Gan demands to rectify conduct of political-legal cadres at a CPLC tele-conference [罗干在中政委电视电话会议上要求，切实抓好政法队伍教育整顿].” in People’s Daily.Google Scholar

Wang, Juan, and Liu, Sida. 2022. “Institutional proximity and judicial corruption: A spatial approach.” Governance 35(2):633–49.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wang, Linqing 王林清. 2018b. “Tape recording of conversation between Wang Linqing and Cheng Xinwen (divisional leader) [王林清和陈新文庭长的谈话录音].” https://twitter.com/zhaofaqi. Accessed on December 10, 2023.Google Scholar

Wang, Linqing. 2018c. “Tape recording of conversation between Wang Linqing and Han Mei (head of collegial panel) [王林清和韩玫法官的谈话录音].” https://twitter.com/zhaofaqi. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Wang, Linqing. 2018d. “Three records of internal report and approval instructions on the KQL case [关于凯奇莱的案件批示].” Cui Yongyuan Weibo account. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Wang, Linqing. 2018e. “Whistle-blowing written statement of Wang Linqing [王林清自述文件].” https://twitter.com/zhaofaqi. Accessed on December 10, 2023.Google Scholar

Wang, Linqing. 2019. “Televised confession of Wang Linqing and the findings of the joint investigative team led by the CPLC broadcast by CCTV 13 [王林清电视认罪].” www.youtube.com/watch?v=2g9O2Vlgeh0. Accessed on February 10, 2024.Google Scholar

Wang, Lungang 王伦刚, and Liu, Sida 刘思达. 2017. “An empirical study on how the adjudication committee in basic-level courts makes decisions on cases with external pressure [基层法院审判委员会压力案件决策的实证研究].” Fa Xue Yan Jiu 《法学研究》 (1):90–99.Google Scholar

Wang, Mingsheng. 2021a. “An analysis of Mao Zedong’s approach to ‘Power Decentralization’ Reform.” Pp. 209–17 in The History and Logic of Modern Chinese Politics, edited by Wang, Mingsheng. Singapore: Springer.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wang, Peng. 2017a. “Face, emotional bonding and corruption: How middlemen facilitate corrupt exchanges in China (Unpublished work).” University of Hong Kong Sociology Department.Google Scholar

Wang, Peng, and Wang, Jingyi. 2018. “How China promotes its military officers: Interactions between formal and informal institutions.” The China Quarterly 234:399–419.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wang, Qishan. 2016. “把监督执纪的权力关进制度笼子.” 《中国纪检监察》 (24):1.Google Scholar

Wang, Shaojun 王少军, and Zhang, Fuxing 张福兴. 2011. “An account of how Mao Zedong made the decision to execute Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan [毛泽东下决心处决刘青山、张子善经过].” People’s Digest 《人民文摘》. http://paper.people.com.cn/rmwz/html/2011-03/01/content_795618.htm?div=-1. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Wang, Shu 王姝. 2014b. “Charting public opinion on the most discussed topics in 2014 [中纪委官网登”2014网络舆情热点首爆媒体排行榜”].” 新京报网.Google Scholar

Wang, Shu. 2017b. “Central Committee members who had maliciously dissented against Party center [妄议中央的中央委员].” in Xin Jing Newspaper 《新京报》.Google Scholar

Wang, Xiaolu 王晓璐, and Ling, Lu 陆玲. 2015. “How did Zheng Quan wreak havoc on Fang Zheng [方正政泉劫].” Caijing Magazine. https://m.caijing.com.cn/api/show?contentid=3796465. Accessed on January 8, 2021.Google Scholar

Wang, Yueduan. 2020. “Overcoming embeddedness: How China’s judicial accountability reforms makes its judges more autonomous.” Fordham International Law Journal 43:737–66.Google Scholar

Wang, Yueduan. 2021b. “Detaching” courts from local politics? Assessing the judicial centralization reforms in China.” The China Quarterly 246:545–64.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wang, Yuewen 王跃文. 1999. Chinese Painting 《国画》. Beijing: Renmin Wenxue.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2013. “Court funding and judicial corruption in China.” The China Journal 69:43–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua, and Minzner, Carl. 2015. “The rise of the Chinese security state.” The China Quarterly 222:339–59.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew. 2005a. “Anticorruption campaigns and the intensification of corruption in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 14(42):93–116.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew. 2005b. “The intensification of corruption in China.” The China Quarterly 180:895.Google Scholar

Wedeman, Andrew. 2012. Double Paradox: Rapid Growth and Rising Corruption in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Wei, Changdong 魏昌东. 2018. “Supervision Law and the theoretical logic of the revision of corruption control system with Chinese characteristics [《监察法》与中国特色腐败治理体制更新的理论逻辑].” Jounal of Eastern Chinese University of Political Science and Law 《华东政法大学学报》 (3):28–38.Google Scholar

WEI, Jianxing 尉健行. 2001. “论党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争[On Building Clean Party-Style and Anti-Corruption Struggle].” In 查办案件工作的方针政策[Guding Principles and Policies on the Investigation and Handling of Cases], chaban anjian gongzuo de fangzhen zhengce. 方正出版社 [Fangzheng chubanshe]. http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/146570/174891/10456272.html.Google Scholar

Wei, Zhezhe 魏哲哲. 2021. “Anticorruption 30-year backtracking review revealed 15,000 problematic cases in sentence reduction, parole and probation [全国倒查30年来”减假暂”案件 1.5万件存在问题].” People’s Daily. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne. 1987. “Party historiography in the People’s Republic of China.” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 17:77–94.Google Scholar

Wikipedia. 2023. “List of fallen officials placed under investigation since the 18th Party Congress [中共十八大后落马官员列表].” https://rb.gy/7qu1d. Accessed on October 28, 2023.Google Scholar

Wu, Gaoqing 吴高庆, and Dong, Qi 董琪. 2016. “Whoever hears the case should make the decision: Reform of case approval system [谁审谁判：案件审批制度的改革路径].” Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology 《山东科技大学学报》 18(3):18–27.Google Scholar

Wu, Guo. 2017. “Outsourcing the state power: Extrajudicial incarceration during the Cultural Revolution.” China (National University of Singapore. East Asian Institute) 15:76.Google Scholar

Wu, Guoguang. 1995. “Documentary Politics”: Hypotheses, Process and Case Studies. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Wu, Guoguang. 2015a. China’s Party Congress: Power, Legitimacy, and Institutional Manipulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wu, Guoguang 吴国光. 2018. Theatre of Power: The Operation of the Chinese Communist Party’s Congress 《权力的剧场 —— 中共党代会的制度运作》. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar

Wu, Guoguang. 2023. “History of the Party reform in the 1980s, Part 1/2 [80年代中共高层改革往事上].” Interview by Zhi’an Wang 王志安.” Wang Ju Pai An 王局拍案.Google Scholar

Wu, Laosi 吴老丝. 2020. “All secrets in criminal trials are hidden in the secretive case dossier [中国刑事审判的秘密，都藏在法院副卷里].” Personal Wechat Account. https://bit.ly/321qh88. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Wu, Meihua 吴美华. 2009. “History and functional changes of the Party disciplinary inspection institutions [中国共产党纪检机构的历史沿革及其职能演变].” Journal of the History of the Chinese Communist Party 《中共党史研究》 (3):19–25.Google Scholar

Wu, Wei 吴伟. 2013a. On stage and backstage: China’s political reform in the 1980s 《中国80年代政治改革的台前幕后》. Hong Kong: New Century Publishing House.Google Scholar

Wu, Wei. 2014. “Party-state separation reform after the 13th Party Congress [十三大后的党政分开改革].” New York Times. https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20140930/cc30wuwei31/. Accessed on December 17, 2023.Google Scholar

Wu, Yuliang 吴玉良. 2015b. “Background, History and Main Functions of the CCDI Organizational Department and Propaganda Department [中央纪委组织部、宣传部的组建背景、历史沿革和主要职能].” CCDI Press Release.Google Scholar

Wu, Zhenjun 吴振钧. 2013b. “Reflections on the Development of the Party’s Inspection Work [中国共产党巡视工作发展的回顾与思考].” CCDI Website. www.ccdi.gov.cn/lt/llsy/jdzy/201309/t20130927_45672.html. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Xi, Jinping 习近平. 2013a. “Eight-Measures is the point of entry and the mobilization order to improve our work styles [八项规定是改进作风的切入口和动员令].” Selected Works of Xi Jinping. www.12371.cn/2023/04/18/ARTI1681786741018260.shtml. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Xi, Jinping. 2013b. “Speech at the Work Conference on the Mass Line Educational Campaign [在党的群众路线教育实践活动工作会议上的讲话].” Party Construction Research 《党建研究》 (8):4–12.Google Scholar

Xi, Jinping. 2019. “The Party’s leadership [党的领导].” People’s Daily 《人民日报》. http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/82/rss/channel/language/columns/v0m20b/stories/WS5d1aaf52a3103dbf1432b5b4.html. Accessed on December 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Xiang, Yan 向燕. 2015. “Empirical investigation of disposal of property involved in criminal cases [刑事涉案财物处置的实证考察].” Journal of Jiangsu Administration Institute 《江苏行政学院学报》 84(6):127–32.Google Scholar

Xiang, Yang 向杨. 2021. “Features and logic of the institutional arrangements of Party apparatuses – A comparative perspective [党的机构设置特征及其逻辑：一个比较的视角].” Theories and Reform 《理论与改革》 (9):24–36.Google Scholar

Xiang, Yang. 2022. “Vicissitudes of the Party’s disciplinary system since the founding of the PRC – An examination of the community of provincial CDI secretaries [新中国成立以来中国共产党纪律检查体制的变迁——基于1949–2020年省级纪委书记群体的考察].” Jiang Han Forum 《江汉论坛》 (2):63–72.Google Scholar

Xiao, Di 肖迪. 2006. “Hu Gang: Celadon reflects the first half of my life [胡刚：《青瓷》是我前半生的总结].” An interview of Hu Gang. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Xiao, Hui 萧辉, and Yu, Ning 于宁. 2018. “The mist enveloping the strange accounting practice of HNA [海航蹊跷走账80亿迷雾].” Caixin Weekly. https://weekly.caixin.com/2018-09-14/101326338.html. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Xiao, Ting 肖亭, and Xiao, Guannan 肖冠男. 2009. “CCDI led anticorruption in Chinese style – Eight-step procedure [中纪委领衔中国式反贪办案需要走八道手续].” Qi Lu Evening Paper 《齐鲁晚报》. www.chinadaily.com.cn/zgzx/2009-08/07/content_8541681_2.htm. Accessed on July 5, 2323.Google Scholar

Xiao, Yang 肖扬. 2009. “The before and after of the birth of the first anticorruption bureau [新中国第一个反贪局诞生的前前后后].” www.criminallaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=1529. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Xie, Fang 解芳. 2002. “Legislative issues on police technical investigation in China [我国公安技侦工作立法问题研究].” Investigation Forum 《侦查论坛》 1:336–45.Google Scholar

Xie, Haitao, et al. 谢海涛等. 2014. “Le Rouge et le Noir of Zhou Yongkang – Part II [周永康的红与黑 (二)].” Caixin Magzine. https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/356311.html. Accessed on July 29, 2023.Google Scholar

Xinhua, News Agency. 2012a. “Central Party decides to revoke Bo Xilai’s Party membership and expel him from office [中共中央决定给予薄熙来开除党籍、开除公职处分].” Xinhua News. http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2012-09/28/c_113248574.htm. Accessed on January 26, 2024.Google Scholar

Xinhua, News Agency. 2012b. “Wang Qishan: Rise of a trouble shooter.” China.org.cn. www.china.org.cn/china/2012-12/26/content_27514232_2.htm. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Xinhua, News Agency. 2014. “Hebei courts explores online judicial auction to curb enforcement corruption [河北法院探索”网络司法拍卖”遏制”执行腐败”].” Xinhua Agency. www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-12/14/content_2790731.htm. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Xinhua, News Agency. 2015. “How are corrupt officials hunted by the business community [贪官缘何频被商人”围猎”].” https://hainanpc.gov.cn/hainanpc/fzsk/2021110500155564098/index.html. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

XinhuaNet. 2015. “15,450 cadres received disciplinary sanction last year [山西去年处分违纪干部15450人].” Renmin Wang. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0210/c70731–26542135.html. Accessed on October 29, 2323.Google Scholar

XinhuaNet. 2017a. “Investigation on Guo Wengui’s scoop over HNA [郭文贵海航”爆料”真相调查].” Xinhua Agency. http://m.xinhuanet.com/2017-07/10/c_1121290100.htm. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

XinhuaNet. 2017b. “Overview of the anticorruption and clean government work since the 18th Party Congress [党的十八大以来反腐倡廉工作综述].” http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2017-10/05/c_1121764418.htm. Accessed on January 20, 2024.Google Scholar

Xinjing, Newspaper. 2013. “Tian Huiyu succeeded Ma Yuhua as the head of Merchant Bank [马蔚华将卸任招行行长建行北京分行行长田惠宇接任].” Xin Jing Bao 《新京报》. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/0509/c70731–21422131.html. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Xiong, Lianghua 熊亮华. 2015. “Chen Yun at the historical juncture of the 3rd Plenum of the 11th Party Congress 陈云在十一届三中全会的历史转折关头.” http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0303/c85037–26627804.html. Accessed on July 4 2023.Google Scholar

Xu, Chenggang 许成钢. 2024. “Book talk on organizational DNA: PRC system and the origin of totalitarianism.” Potomac Culture Salon. Accessed on March 22, 2024.Google Scholar

Xu, Hao 徐豪. 2018. “Twelve-year long dispute over mining rights worth hundreds of billion [陕西千亿矿权12年纠纷：”黑金”争夺战背后的权力寻租].” China Economic Weekly 《中国经济周刊》. www.banyuetan.org/chcontent/sz/jjzs/201827/245348.shtml. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Xu, Ji’ning 徐冀宁. 2016a. “Did Chen Yun say ‘one exception only’ in the crackdown of the Gang of Four? [陈云在粉碎”四人帮”斗争中讲过”下不为例”吗?].” Digest of Party History [Theoretical Section] 《党史博采·理论版》 (9):31–34.Google Scholar

Xu, Jiaxin 徐家新. 2017. “Transcript of the press conference by Xu Jiaxin on the judicial accountability reform [就司法责任制等综合改革试点工作答问].” www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2017/07/id/2913022.shtml. Accessed on January 3, 2024.Google Scholar

Xu, Lei 许蕾 2004. “Mobilization mechanism in political campaigns – the case of the three-antis campaign [政治运动的动员机制：以”三反”运动为个案].” Journal of Central China Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences 《华中师范大学学报：人文社科版》 (4):48–54.Google Scholar

Xu, Mengxia 许梦侠. 1953. “Concluding speech at the 1st Sichuan Provincial CDI work conference [在中共四川省委第一次纪律检查工作会议上的总结发言].”Google Scholar

Xu, Qianfei 许前飞. 2002. “Re-examing the quality (suzhi) of Chinese judges [再论中国法官的素质].” People’s Adjudication 《人民司法》 (1).Google Scholar

Xu, Qing 徐清 2016b. “Local CPC Committee of Political and Legal Affairs in Judiciary: An investigation in W city of Y province [基层政法委员会组织结构论 —— 基于Y省W市政法委员会的实证分析].” Peking University Law Review 《北大法律评论》 17(2):211–38.Google Scholar

Xue, Jiancong 薛健聪, and Jia, Huajie 贾华杰. 2015. “‘Competent’ official Qiu He [“能吏”仇和].” Caixin Weekly. https://weekly.caixin.com/m/2015-04-03/100797343_all.html. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Xue, Peng 薛鹏. 2021. “Punishing financial corruption and controlling financial risks [惩治金融腐败防控金融风险].” China Jijian Jiancha Daily 《中国纪检监察报》. www.moj.gov.cn/jgsz/gjjwzsfbjjz/zyzsfbjjzyw/202109/t20210913_437557.html. Accessed on October 31, 2023.Google Scholar

Yaita, Akio. 2012. Xi Jinping: The Weakest Leader in Communist China 《习近平：共产中国最弱势的领袖》. Taipei: Common Wealth Magazine.Google Scholar

Yan, Huai. 1995. “Organizational hierarchy and the cadre management system.” in Decision-Making in Deng’s China - Perspectives from Insiders, edited by Hamrin, Carol Lee and Zhao, Suisheng. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Yan, Yaobin 晏耀斌. 2018. “Behind the scenes of the hundreds-of-billion mining rights dispute [西勘院千亿矿权案幕后：”一女多嫁”对抗会议纪要].” China Business Operation Newspaper 《中国经营报》. https://finance.sina.cn/2018-01-27/detail-ifyqzcxh0556233.d.html?vt=4. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Yan, Yunxiang. 1996. “The culture of guanxi in a North China village” The China Journal 35(Jan):1–25.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yanyu, Faming 烟语法明 2023. “Coming of the era of the case review era [裁判文书阅核制时代来了].” www.163.com/dy/article/IG3TIVK10553PTO6.html. Accessed on December 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Yan Yu, Fa Ming 烟语法明. 2024. “To what extent can the “three regulations” prevent judicial corruption? [干预司法”三个规定”记录制度，究竟能在多大程度上预防腐败？]” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Kg7QRebiDsioqpDJOoPIcw. Accessed on February 25, 2024.Google Scholar

Yang, Jisheng 杨继绳. 2013. “An interview of Gao Gang’s secretary on the Gao Gang Incident [高岗秘书谈”高岗事件”].” Yan Huang Chun Qiu 《炎黄春秋》 (6).Google Scholar

Yang, Kuisong 杨奎松. 2006. “Mao Zedong and the three-antis campaign [毛泽东与三反运动].” Shi Lin 《史林》 (4):51–69.Google Scholar

Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui. 1994. Gifts, Favors, and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui. 2002. “The resilience of guanxi and its new deployments: A critique of some new guanxi scholarship.” The China Quarterly 170:459.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yang, Zhenjie, and Chelan Li, Linda. 2023. “Court finance and floundering judicial reform in China.” China Information 37(2):278–98.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yang, Zhongxu 杨中旭. 2014. “Tyranny of Liu Tie’nan: I snubbed the dinner invitation from the vice-governor [刘铁男的霸道：副省长请我吃饭我根本不理他们].” https://business.sohu.com/20130516/n376154067.shtml. Accessed on January 25, 2024.Google Scholar

Ye, Haibo 叶海波. 2017. “Constitutional constraints over the national supervision institutional reform [国家监察体制改革的宪法约束].” Journal of Wuhan University [Social Sciences Section] 《武汉大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》 (3):110–6.Google Scholar

Ye, Quan 叶泉. 2016. “Why do we have to punish strictly those who have not stopped corruption after the 18th Party Congress [为何十八大以后不收手必须严惩].” Legal Daily 《法制日报》. www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-06/22/c_129082090.htm. Accessed on January 14, 2024.Google Scholar

Yin, Dechang 尹德常. 2013. “Reflection and reconstructon of the sign-off power of adjudicative documents [裁判文书签发权配置的反思与重构].” Shandong Adjudication 《山东审判》 (2):83–87.Google Scholar

Yin, Hongwei 尹鸿伟. 2011. “Collapse of the corruption gang in Chongqing High Court [重庆高院腐败小集团瓦解].” Nan Feng Window 《南风窗》. https://m.fx361.com/news/2009/0827/5597738.html. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Yin, Yue, Lin, Lu, and Li, Yan. 2015. “Who is Guo Wengui [起底郭文贵].” in Caijing Magazine.Google Scholar

Yoon, June. 2022. “Lex in depth: Why the luxury market needs to hedge against China.” Financial Times. www.ft.com/content/314bb4c9-cb47-4678-971a-5ae6fcf00d9b. Accessed on October 29, 2023.Google Scholar

You, Chenjun 尤陈俊. 2015. “A multi-dimension reconstruction of the interest-seeking image of litigation masters in the Qing Dynasty [清代讼师贪利形象的多重建构].” Legal Studies 《法学研究》 5(5):177–93.Google Scholar

You, Chunliang 游春亮. 2006. “A survey report of bribe-giving conducted by Haizhu District Procuratorate 海珠检察院对行贿人员的问卷调查报告.” Legal Daily 《法制日报》. https://client.vpn.chu.edu.cn:4443/https/webvpn33ea9ebda45fc5a5e6600ba84e98508a/20060906/n245192255.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2023.Google Scholar

Young, Graham. 1984. “Control and style: Discipline inspection commissions since the 11th Congress.” The China Quarterly 97:24–52.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yu, Meisun 俞梅荪. 2013. “Anniversary commemoratory essay about Hu Jiwei, a courageous and wise man in times of crisis [全国人大常委会行使委员权力第一人——社会危机时刻的智勇者胡绩伟周年祭].” Yibao 《议报》. https://yibaochina.com/?p=235908. Accessed on April 22, 2024.Google Scholar

Yu, Ning, et al. 于宁等. 2022. “Judicial business of Shen Deyong’s secretaries [沈德咏秘书们的司法生意].” Caixin Weekly. https://weekly.caixin.com/2022-04-16/101871164.html. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Yu, Olivia. 2008. “Corruption in China’s economic reform: A review of recent observations and explanations.” Crime, Law & Social Change 50:161–76.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yu, Ruxin 余汝信. 2023. Chronicles of Kang Sheng《康生年谱》. Hong Kong: New Century Press.Google Scholar

Yu, Wenhao 于文豪. 2021a. “Constitutional connotation of dual responsibility of local governments [地方政府双重负责的宪法内涵].” China Legal Science 《中国法学》 (3):90–113.Google Scholar

Yu, Xiaohong 于晓虹. 2017. “Gaming and balancing between delocalization and de-bureaucratization: A re-examination of the provincial level unified judicial administration reform [“去地方化”与”去行政化”的博弈与平衡——2014年以来法检人财物省级统管改革再审视].” China Law Review 《中国法律评论》 (5):187–98.Google Scholar

Yu, Xiaohong. 2018. “Re-examining the unified vertical judicial administration reform since 2014 [2014年以来法检人财物省级统管改革再审视].” People’s Rule of Law 《人民法治》 (1):28–35.Google Scholar

Yu, Xiaohong 于晓虹, and Yang, Hui 杨惠. 2019. “A revisit to the logic of the political-legal work under the reconstructed Party-state system [党政体制重构视阈下政法工作推进逻辑的再审视].” Academic Monthly 《学术月刊》 11(51):105–16.Google Scholar

Yu, Zeyuan. 2021b. “Former butler of Wang Qishan expelled from the Party and sent for prosecution [曾是王岐山”大管家” 董宏违纪受贿遭开除党籍移送法办].” Lianhe Zaobao 《联合早报》. www.zaobao.com.sg/news/china/story20210414-1139242. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Yuan, Fang. 2012. “Xi To Be ‘Weak’ President.” Radio Free Asia. www.rfa.org/english/news/china/xi-jinping-11122012110129.html. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Yue, Sanmeng 岳三猛. 2017. “Bribers of former Yunnan Party-Secretary exposed [给云南省委原书记白恩培送钱的人终于全曝光了].” Fa Zhi Evening 《法制晚报》. https://m.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnK0O1c. Accessed on March 25, 2025.Google Scholar

Zhai, Xingli 翟星理, and Chen, Yuelin 陈悦琳. 2022. “Social circle of a fallen female judge, whose husband was a divisional leader at the provincial high court [一位落马女法官的朋友圈，丈夫曾任省高院庭长].” Southern Weekend 《南方周末》. www.infzm.com/contents/241347?source=101&source_1=241649. Accessed on April 9, 2024.Google Scholar

Zhai, Xuewei 翟学伟. 2004. Everyday Authority in Chinese Society: A Historical Sociological Study of “Guanxi” and Power 《中国社会中的日常权威: 关系与权力的历史社会学研究》. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press.Google Scholar

Zhai, Zhiyong 翟志勇. 2017. “Supervision Commission and reshaping of the 1982 Constitutional Order [监察委员会与”八二宪法”体制的重塑].” Global Law Review 《环球法律评论》 (2): 105–14.Google Scholar

Zhang, Changdong. 2017. “A fiscal sociological theory of authoritarian resilience: Developing theory through China case studies.” Sociological Theory 35(1):39–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Zhang, Changdong. 2021. Governing and Ruling: The Political Logic of Taxation in China. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC16483842.CrossRef Google Scholar

Zhang, Qianfan. 2006. “The People’s Court in transition: The prospects for Chinese judicial reform.” in Debating Political Reform in China: Rule of Law vs. Democratization, edited by Zhao, Suisheng. Armonk, NY: East Gate by M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Zhang, Qing 张青. 2019. “Difficult reality and cause of the judicial salary reform at the grassroots level [基层法官薪酬制度改革的现实困境及其因应].” Sixiang Zhanxian 《思想战线》 (5):147–55.Google Scholar

Zhang, Siquan 张思铨. 2011. Gao Gang 《高岗》. Beijing: China Humanities and History Press 中国文史出版社.Google Scholar

Zhang, Taisu, and Ginsburg, Tom. 2019. “China’s turn toward law,” Virginia Journal of International Law 59(2):306–88.Google Scholar

Zhang, Weiping 张卫平. 2000. “Debureaucratizing People’s Courts of China – one approach of court reform [我国法院体制的非行政化——一种法院体制改革的基本思路].” Review of Law and Commerce 《法商研究》 77:3–11.Google Scholar

Zhang, Wenzhong. 2018. “Wang Qishan may play a role more than an “external” Politburo Standing Committee member [王岐山的角色或远不止于所谓”第八”常委].” https://rb.gy/q1hv5q. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Zhang, Xiaoshuai 张小帅. 2024. “Origin of the hard constraint of Party discipline [党的纪律的刚性约束力来源].” China Academy of Social Sciences Daily 《中国社会科学报》. www.cssn.cn/skyl/skyl_skyl/202402/t20240222_5734250.shtml. Accessed on February 22, 2024.Google Scholar

Zhao, Faqi 赵发琦. 2016. “Full statement of Zhao Faqi [赵发琦实名举报全文].” https://rb.gy/jm93oo. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Zhao, Jialiang 赵家梁, and Zhang, Xiaoji 张晓霁. 2008. Past Stories beneath the Half Tombstone 《半截墓碑下的往事》. Hong Kong: Da Feng Press 大风出版社.Google Scholar

Zhao, Shirley. 2021. “End of an era with the arrest of HNA Group chairman.” Bloomberg. www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/27/end-of-an-era-with-arrest-of-hna-group. Accessed on November 3, 2023.Google Scholar

Zhao, Ziyang, and Bao, Pu. 2009. 《改革历程》 [Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang]. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Zhen, Guan贞观. 2019. “Dialogue with Zhao Faqi: Why do I have the courage to report Zhao Zhengyong [对话赵发琦：我为什么有勇气举报赵正永].” https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/604184.html. Accessed on January 11, 2024.Google Scholar

Zheng, Zhidao 政知道. 2015. “Unveiling the appointment process at the early stage of CDI restoration [揭秘中央纪委恢复成立之初如何用人].” Social media account of Beijing Youth Newspaper. On file with the author.Google Scholar

Zheng, Zhihang 郑智航. 2020. “A study of the Party-political mechanism that reshapes the judiciary [党政体制塑造司法的机制研究].” Global Law Review 《环球法律评论》 (6):5–23.Google Scholar

Zhong, Jinyan 钟金燕. 2012. “A revisit to the history and vicissitude of the Political-Legal Committee [政法委历史与演变的再思考].” China through the Ages 《炎黄春秋》 (12).Google Scholar

Zhong, Jixuan. 2017. “Forging Iron Requires A Strong Hammer 《打铁还需自身硬》” in CCDI Program.Google Scholar

Zhong, Jixuan 钟纪宣 (Writer) 2016. Always on the Road 《永远在路上》. In CCDI & CCTV (Producer).Google Scholar

Zhong, Zuyi 仲祖一. 2015. “Unwavering commitment to preserve the authority of the Party center [坚决维护党中央权威].” Qiushi (18):62–62.Google Scholar

Zhou, Guangyou 周光佑. 2005. “Seeing through the essence of majhong bribes [看清麻将贿赂的实质].” People’s Procuratorate 《人民检察》:54–54.Google Scholar

Zhou, Hao 周浩 (Writer) 2015. The Chinese Mayor 大同. BBC4.Google Scholar

Zhou, Luyang. 2019. “Historical origins of the Party-army relations in the Soviet Union and China.” Communist and Post-communist Studies 52:207.Google Scholar

Zhou, Qiang 周强. 2017a. “SPC President Zhou Qiang stress: Firmly distancing oneself from the wrong thought of separation of powers [最高法院院长周强：坚决与”三权分立”错误思潮划清界线].” http://news.cnr.cn/native/gd/20170112/t20170112_523471725.shtml. Accessed on January 8, 2024.Google Scholar

Zhou, Shuzhen. 2014. “巡视工作的历史沿革、现实成就和制度创新 [History of the CIT Work, Achievements and Innovation].” in 人民网 [Renmin Network].Google Scholar

Zhou, Xueguang. 2017b. 《中国国家治理的制度逻辑: 一个组织学研究》 The Institutional Logic of Governance in China: An Organizational Approach. Beijing: San Lian Bookstore.Google Scholar

Zhou, Xueguang 周雪光. 2016. “Between ‘officials’ and ‘local staff’: The logic of empire and personnel management in the Chinese bureaucracy [从”官吏分流”到”层级分流”: 帝国逻辑下的中国官僚人事制度].” Society 《社会》 (1):1–33.Google Scholar

Zhou, Zhenchao 周振超, and Huang, Hongkai 黄洪凯. 2022. “Strip-block relations: from cooperative co-governance to collaborative mutal embeddedness [条块关系从合作共治到协作互嵌].” Public Administration and Policy Review 《公共管理与政策评论》 (1):20–33.Google Scholar

Zhou, Zhuo 周卓. 2022. “Why is it so difficult to acquit when there is reasonable doubt? [疑罪为何难以从无].” www.sqxb.com/2022/sqtj_1227/2970.html. Accessed on January 4, 2023.Google Scholar

Zhu, Jiangnan, and Zhang, Dong. 2016. “Weapons of the powerful: Authoritarian elite competition and politicized anticorruption in China.” Comparative Political Studies 50(9):1186–220.Google Scholar

Zhu, Jiangnan, Zhang, Qi, and Liu, Zhikuo. 2017. “Eating, drinking, and power signaling in institutionalized authoritarianism: China’s antiwaste campaign since 2012”. Journal of Contemporary China 26(105):337–52.CrossRef Google Scholar

Zhu, Jingwen 朱景文 (Ed.). 2007. China Legal Development Report (1979–2004) 《中国法律发展报告》. Beijing: Renmin University Press.Google Scholar

Zhu, Suli. 2010. “The Party and the courts.” Pp. 52–68 in Judicial Independence in China: Lessons for Global Rule of Law Promotion, edited by Peerenboom, Randall. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Zhu, Wei 朱薇. 2009. “Chongqing committed to break the hugh profit chain in enforcement corruption [重庆力破司法拍卖暴利链源头治理”执行腐败”].” Liaowang Newsweek 《瞭望新闻周刊》.Google Scholar

Zou, Jianzhen 邹坚贞. 2015. “Cover story: The case of Yunnan lawyer Liu Shaobin [云南律师刘少斌案始末].” China Economic Weekly 《中国经济周刊》. www.ceweekly.cn/2015/0407/107610.shtml. Accessed on January 4, 2024.Google Scholar

Zou, Keyuan. 2000. “Judicial reform versus judicial corruption: recent developments in China.” Criminal Law Forum 11:321–51.Google Scholar

Zuo, Fengrong 左凤荣. 2010. “How did power transition take place at the top in Soviet? [苏联最高权力是怎样交接的？]” in What Truly Happened in Soviet Union 《苏联真相》 edited by Lu, Nanquan and Huang, Zongliang. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House.Google Scholar

Zuo, Weimin 左卫民. 2016a. “Analysis and prognosis: Provincial-level centralized administration of court personnel and finance [省统管法院人财物：剖析与前瞻].” Law Review 《法学评论》 (3):1–7.Google Scholar

Zuo, Weimin. 2016b. “An empirical study on the operation of the adjudicative committee [审判委员会运行状况的实证研究].” Law Review 《法学研究》 (3):159–73.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.2 AAA

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book complies with version 2.2 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), offering more comprehensive accessibility measures for a broad range of users and attains the highest (AAA) level of WCAG compliance, optimising the user experience by meeting the most extensive accessibility guidelines.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.

Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.

Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.

Book contents

References

Information

Access options

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.2 AAA

Why this information is here

Accessibility Information

Content Navigation

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Visual Accessibility

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive