Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-nk9cn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-12-13T04:00:43.704Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2025

Atul Kohli
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Kanta Murali
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Democracy and Inequality in India
Political Economy of a Troubled Giant
, pp. 318 - 338
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Acharya, Alka. 2015. “China.” In The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, edited by David Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford: Oxford University Press 356–369.Google Scholar
Agarwala, Rina. 2013. Informal Labor, Formal Politics, and Dignified Discontent in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwala, Rina. 2019. “The Politics of India’s Reformed Labor Model.” In Business and Politics in India, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe, Kohli, Atul, and Murali, Kanta. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aggarwal, Aradhna. 2016. “Growth, Employment and Structural Change: Punjab versus 16 Major States of India.” In Economic Transformation of a Developing Economy: The Experience of Punjab, India, edited by Singh, Lakhwinder and Singh, Nirvikar. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Ahluwalia, Rahul, Hasan, Rana, Kapoor, Mudit, and Panagariya, Arvind. 2018. The Impact of Labour Regulations on Jobs and Wages in India: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. New York: Deepak and Neera Raj Center on Indian Economic Policies, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Ahuja, Amit and Ostermann, Susan. 2021. “The Election Commission of India: Guardian of Democracy.” In Guardians of Public Value, edited by Boin, A. and Fahy, L. A.. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_2.Google Scholar
Aiyar, Yamini. 2019. “Modi Consolidates Power: Leveraging Welfare Politics.” Journal of Democracy 30 (4): 7888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiyar, Yamini and Krishnamurthy, Mekhala. 2020. “Where Reforms and Federalism Clash.” Hindustan Times.Google Scholar
Aiyar, Yamini and Tillin, Louise. 2020. “‘One Nation,’ BJP, and the Future of Indian Federalism.” India Review 19 (2): 117135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiyar, Yamini and Walton, Michael. 2015. “Rights, Accountability and Citizenship: India’s Emerging Welfare State.” In Governance in Developing Asia, edited by Deolalikar, Anil, Jha, Shikha, and Quising, Pilipinas. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Ali, Manjur. 2022. “Uttar Pradesh Elections: A Duel in or for Democracy?Economic and Political Weekly 57 (24): 1015.Google Scholar
Alkire, Sabina and Seth, Suman. 2015. “Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in India between 1999 and 2006: Where and How?World Development 72 (August): 93108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anant, T. C. A., Hasan, R., Mohapatra, R., Nagaraj, R., and Sasikumar, S. K.. 2006. “Labor Markets in India: Issues and Perspectives.” In Labor Markets in Asia: Issues and Perspectives, edited by Felipe, J. and Hasan, R.. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Andersen, Walter and Damle, Shridhar D.. 2019. Messengers of Hindu Nationalism: How the RSS Shaped India. London: Hurst Publishers.Google Scholar
Arya, Divya. 2016. “Soni Sori: India’s Fearless Tribal Activist.” BBC News. September 21, 2024.Google Scholar
Ashiq, Peerzada. 2019. “Kathua Rape and Murder Case: 3 Get Life Term, 3 Five-year Imprisonment.” The Hindu. June 11, 2019.Google Scholar
Bajpai, Kanti. 2021. India versus China: Why They Are Not Friends. New Delhi: Juggernaut.Google Scholar
Banerjee, Sikata. 2006. “Armed Masculinity, Hindu Nationalism and Female Political Participation in India: Heroic Mothers, Chaste Wives and Celibate Warriors.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 8 (1): 6283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, Abhijit and Iyer, Lakshmi (2005). “Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India.” American Economic Review 95 (4): 11901213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardhan, Pranab. 2022a. A World of Insecurity: Democratic Disenchantment in Rich and Poor Countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bardhan, Pranab. 2022b. “The ‘New’ India.” The New Left Review, 136: July/August 2022, 5–27.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tom. 2017. “Why Has the Indian Automotive Industry Reproduced ‘Low Road’ Labour Relations?” In Critical Perspectives on Work and Employment in Globalizing India, edited by Noronha, Ernesto and D’ Cruz, Premilla. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Barnett, Marguerite Ross. 1976. The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry, et al. 2023. “The Forum: Global Challenges to Democracy? Perspectives on Democratic Backsliding.” International Studies Review, Viad019. https://academic.oup.com/isr/article/25/2/viad019/7194243.Google Scholar
Baru, Sanjay. 2014. An Accidental Prime Minister. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar
Bass, Gary. 2013. Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Basole, Amit. 2022. “Structural Transformation and Employment Generation in India: Past Performance and the Way Forward.” Indian Journal of Labor Economics 65 (2): 295320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basu, Amrita. 1998. “Hindu Women’s Activism and the Questions It Raises.” In Appropriating Gender: Women’s Activism and Politicized Religion in South Asia, edited by Basu, Amrita and Jeffery, Patricia. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Basu, Amrita. 2001. “The Dialectics of Hindu Nationalism.” In The Success of India’s Democracy, edited by Kohli, Atul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Basu, Amrita. 2010. “Gender and Politics.” In The Oxford Companion to Politics in India, edited by Jayal, Niraja Gopal and Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Basu, Amrita. 2015a. Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, Amrita. 2015b. “Women, Dynasties, and Democracy in India.” In Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics, edited by Chandra, Kanchan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Basu, Amrita and Pathan, Amna. 2022. “The Revolution Will Come Wearing Bangles, Bindis and Hijabs: Women’s Activism for Inclusive Citizenship.” In Women, Gender and Religious Nationalism, edited by Basu, Amrita and Sarkar, Tanika. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baviskar, Amita. 2010. “Social Movements.” In The Oxford Companion to Politics in India, edited by Jayal, Niraja Gopal and Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baviskar, Amita and Levien, Michael. 2021. “Farmers’ Protests in India: Introduction to the JPS Forum.” Journal of Peasant Studies 48 (7): 13411355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayly, Susan. 1999. Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC News. 2015. “Indian Workers Strike over Modi Labour Reforms.” BBC News. September 2, 2015.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2021. “Stan Swamy: India Outrage over Death of Jailed Activist.” BBC News. July 7, 2021.Google Scholar
Berg, E., Bhattacharya, S., Rajasekhar, D., and Manjula, R.. 2018. “Can Public Works Increase Equilibrium Wages? Evidence from India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee.” World Development 103: 239254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27 (1): 1519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besley, Timothy and Burgess, Robin. 2004. “Can Labor Regulation Hinder Economic Performance? Evidence from India.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (1): 91134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhagat, R. B. 2020. “Internal Migration in India: Are the Underclass More Mobile?” In Routledge Handbook of Migration and Development, edited by Bastia, Tania and Skeldon, Ronald. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Desai, Padma. 1970. India: Planning for Industrialization. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bhalla, Surjit, Bhasin, Karan, and Virmani, Arvind. 2022. “Pandemic, Poverty, and Inequality: Evidence from India.” IMF Working Papers. Volume 2022, issue 069. International Monetary Fund.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bharti, Nitin Kumar et al. 2024. “Income and Wealth Inequality in India 1922–2023: The Rise of the Billionaire Raj”, in World Inequality Lab Working Papers, No. 2024/09. March 2024. https://wid.world/document/income-and-wealth-inequality-in-india-1922-2023-the-rise-of-the-billionaire-raj-world-inequality-lab-working-paper-2024-09.Google Scholar
Bhattacherjee, Debashish. 2001. “The Evolution of Indian Industrial Relations: A Comparative Perspective.” Industrial Relations Journal 32 (3): 244263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhoi, Dhaneswar and Gorringe, Hugo, eds. 2023. Caste in Everyday Life Experience and Affect in Indian Society. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhowmik, Sharit. 2015. “Protecting Employers against Workers and Trade Unions: New Bill on Industrial Relations.” Economic and Political Weekly 50 (29). July 18.Google Scholar
Biswas, S. 2020. “Hathras Case: Dalit Women Are among the Most Oppressed in the World.” BBC News. October 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Bose, Sumantra. 2021. Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st Century Conflict. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul. 1965. Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul. 1990. The Politics of India since Independence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Breman, Jan. 2019. Capitalism, Inequality and Labour in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breman, Jan. 2020. “The Pandemic in India and Its Impact on Footloose Labour.” Indian Journal of Labour Economics 63: 901919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breman, Jan. 2022. “Clearing the City of the Undeserving Underclass.” In Gujarat, Cradle and Harbinger of Identity Politics: India’s Injurious Frame of Communalism, edited by Breman, Jan and Shah, Ghanshyam. New Delhi: Tulika Books.Google Scholar
Breman, Jan and Shah, Ghanshyam. 2022. Gujarat, Cradle and Harbinger of Identity Politics: India’s Injurious Frame of Communalism. New Delhi: Tulika Books.Google Scholar
Bus, Ipsos India. 2023. “PM Narendra Modi Achieves an Approval Rating of 65% in September 2023: Ipsos IndiaBus Poll.” www.ipsos.com/en-in/indiabus/pm-narendra-modi-achieves-approval-rating-65-september-2023-ipsos-indiabus-poll.Google Scholar
Bussell, Jennifer. 2013. “People’s Movements in India.” In Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics, edited by Kohli, Atul and Singh, Prerna. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Centre for Policy Research 2023. The Evolution of India’s Welfare System from 2008 to 2023: A Look Back. Accountability Initiative. New Delhi: Centre for Policy Research.Google Scholar
Chacko, Priya. 2020. “Gender and Authoritarian Populism: Empowerment, Protection, and the Politics of Resentful Aspiration in India.” Critical Asian Studies 52 (2): 204225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadha, Monica. 2006. “Despair of the Discriminated Dalits.” BBC News. December 5, 2006.Google Scholar
Chancel, Paul, Piketty, T., Saez, E., Zucman, G. et al. 2022. World Inequality Report 2022. World Inequality Lab. wir2022.wid.world.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandhoke, Neera. 2011. “Civil Society in India.” In The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, edited by Edwards, Michael. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chandhoke, Neera. 2012. “Whatever Has Happened to Civil Society?Economic and Political Weekly 47 (23) (June 9): 3945.Google Scholar
Chandra, Bipan, et al. 1998. India’s Struggle for Independence, 1857–1947. New Delhi: Penguin.Google Scholar
Chandra, Jagriti. 2021. “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao | 80% of Funds Spent on Media Campaigns, Says Parliamentary Committee.” The Hindu. December 10, 2021.Google Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2015. “The New Indian State: The Relocation of Patronage in the Post Liberalisation Economy.” Economic and Political Weekly 50 (41): 4658.Google Scholar
Chandra, Rohit and Walton, Michael. 2020. “Big Potential, Big Risks? Indian Capitalism, Economic Reform and Populism in the BJP Era.” India Review 19 (2): 176205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, Deepaboli and Sircar, Neelanjan. 2021. “Why Is the Female Labour Participation So Low in India?Urbanisation 6 (15): 40S57S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep. 1999. Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep and Petrocik, John. 1989. “The Puzzle of Indian Politics: Social Cleavages and the Indian Party System.” British Journal of Political Science 19 (2): 191210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep and Verma, Rahul. 2014. “The BJP’s 2014 ‘Modi Wave’: An Ideological Consolidation of the Right.” Economic and Political Weekly 49 (39): 5056. September 27.Google Scholar
Chibber, Vivek. 2003. Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Corbridge, S. and Harriss, J.. 2000. Reinventing India: Liberalisation, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
CSDS-Lokniti. 2024a. “CSDS-Lokniti Post-Poll Survey: The Three Main Takeaways.” The Hindu. www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/csds-lokniti-post-poll-survey-the-three-main-takeaways/article68260477.ece.Google Scholar
CSDS-Lokniti. 2024b. “CSDS-Lokniti Post-Poll Survey: Why the BJP Underperformed in UP.” The Hindu. June 8, 2024. www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/csds-lokniti-post-poll-survey-why-the-bjp-underperformed-in-up/article68264434.ece.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert. 1986. A Preface to Economic Democracy. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Damodaran, Harish. 2008. India’s New Capitalists: Caste, Business and Industry in a Modern Nation. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasgupta, I. and Kar, S.. 2018. “The Labor Market in India since the 1990s.” IZA World of Labor. https://wol.iza.org/articles/the-labor-market-in-india-since-the-1990s/long.Google Scholar
de Haan, Arjan. 2011. Inclusive Growth? Labour Migration and Poverty in India. International Institute of Social Studies (ISS). ISS Working Papers Series. General Series Vol. 513 54: 387–409. https://pure.eur.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/59726767/wp513.pdf.Google Scholar
de Haan, Arjan. 2020. “Labour Migrants During the Pandemic: A Comparative Perspective.” Indian Journal of Labour Economics 63 (4): 885900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, Manisha. 2002. “Multiple Mediations: The State and Women’s Movements in India.” In Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State, edited by Meyer, David, Whittier, Nancy, and Belinda, Robnett. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Desai, Manisha. 2016. “Feminist Efforts to Democratize Democracy: Insight from Four Decades of Activism in India.” In Social Movements and the State in India, edited by Nielsen, Kenneth Bo and Nilsen, Alf Gunvald. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Deshingkar, Priya. 2023. “Faceless and Dispossessed: India’s Circular Migrants in the Times of COVID-19.” In Media, Migrants and the Pandemic in India: A Reader, edited by Bhushan, Bharat. Abingdon, Oxon, England: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dhankar, Leena. 2017. “Maruti Factory Violence Verdict: A Brief History of the Case.” Hindustan Times.Google Scholar
Echeverri-Gent, John, Sinha, Aseema, and Wyatt, Andrew. 2021. “Economic Distress Amidst Political Success: India’s Economic Policy under Modi, 2014–2019.” India Review 20 (4): 402435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economic Times. 2018. “Over 93,000 Candidates, Including 3,700 PhD Holders Apply for Peon Job in UP.” Economic Times.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 2003. The Gujarat Carnage. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.Google Scholar
Frankel, Francine R. 1989. “Introduction.” In Dominance and State Power in Modern India, edited by Frankel, Francine R. and Rao, M. S. A.. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frankel, Francine R. 2005. India’s Political Economy, 1947–2004: The Gradual Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Frankel, Francine R. and Rao, M. S. A. eds. 1990. Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order (2 volumes). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ganguly, Sumit. 2001. Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ganguly, Sumit. 2022. “Obama, Trump and Indian Foreign Policy under Modi.” International Politics, 2022, 59, 9–23.Google Scholar
Ganguly, Sumit, Mistree, Dinsha, and Diamond, Larry. 2024. “Introduction.” In The Troubling State of India’s Democracy, edited by Ganguly, Sumit, Mistree, Dinsha, and Diamond, Larry. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Gettlemen, Jeffrey and Kumar, Hari. 2019. “India’s Leader Is Accused of Hiding Unemployment Data before Vote.” The New York Times, January 31, 2019.Google Scholar
Ghatak, Maitreesh. 2021. “India’s Inequality Problem.” India Forum. July 2, 2021. www.theindiaforum.in/article/does-india-have-inequality-problem.Google Scholar
Ghatak, Maitreesh and Roy, Sanchari. 2014. “Did Gujarat’s Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi?Economic and Political Weekly 49 (15): 1215. April 12.Google Scholar
Ghatak, Maitreesh and Mukherjee, U.. 2019. The Mirage of Modinomics. The India Forum. February 22. www.theindiaforum.in/article/mirage-modinomics.Google Scholar
Ghatak, Maitreesh and Kumar, Rishabh. 2024. “Poverty in India over the Last Decade: Data, Debates and Doubts.” April 10. www.theindiaforum.in/economy/poverty-india-over-last-decadeGoogle Scholar
Ghose, Ajit Kumar. 2019. Employment in India: Oxford India Short Introductions. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Jayati. 2014. “The Curious Case of the Jobs That Did Not Appear: Structural Change, Employment and Social Patterns in India.” Indian Journal of Labour Economics 57 (1):118.Google Scholar
Gillan, Michael. 2016. “Re-making Labour in India: State Policy, Corporate Power and Labour Movement Mobilisation.” In Social Movements and the State in India: Deepening Democracy?, edited by Nielsen, Kenneth Bo and Nilsen, Alf Gunvald. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gorringe, Hugo. 2005. Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratisation in Tamil Nadu. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Goswami, Prasun. 2024. “20 Years after the Rape and Murder of Thanjam Manorama, Peace Continues to Elude Manipur.” The Wire. July 29, 2024.Google Scholar
Gottschalk, Marie. (forthcoming). Crime and No Punishment: Wealth, Power, and Violence in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Government of Gujarat. 2020. Socio-Economic Review, 2019–20. Gandhinagar: Directorate of Economics and Statistics.Google Scholar
Government of India. 1980. Report of the Backward Classes Commission. New Delhi: Government of India.Google Scholar
Government of India. 2007. Uttar Pradesh Development Report (2 volumes). New Delhi: Academic Foundation (for the Planning Commission).Google Scholar
Government of India. 2020. Trade Unions in India. Chandigarh: Labor Bureau, Ministry of Labor and Employment.Google Scholar
Government of India. 2023. Economic Survey 2022–23. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance, Government of India.Google Scholar
Government of India. 2024. Economic Survey 2023–24. New Delhi: Government of India.Google Scholar
Government of Uttar Pradesh. 2008. Second Human Development Report. Lucknow: Planning Department.Google Scholar
Graham, Bruce. 1990. Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origin and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudavarthy, Ajay and Vijay, G.. 2020. “Social Policy and Political Mobilization in India: Producing Hierarchical Fraternity and Polarized Differences.” Development and Change 51 (2): 463484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, Ramachandra. 2017. India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Gurucharan, G., Anjana, K., Nidhi, S., Sai Sidharth, M., and Ramana, H. N.. 2021. Public Affairs Index, 2022. Bengaluru: Public Affairs Centre.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephen and Kaufman, Robert. 2021. Backsliding. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Ian. 2019. Modi and the Reinvention of Indian Foreign Policy. Bristol: Bristol University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Ian and Ganguly, Sumit, eds. 2022. “Narendra Modi and India’s Foreign Policy,” Special Issue, International Politics 59 (1): 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harriss, John. 2003. “Do Political Regimes Matter? Poverty Reduction and Regime Differences across India.” In Changing Paths: International Development and the New Politics of Inclusion, edited by Houtzager, Peter and Moore, Mick. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Harriss, John. 2013. “Audacious Reforms? India’s New Rights Agenda: An Introduction.” Pacific Affairs 86 (3): 561568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harriss, John and Wyatt, Andrew. 2019. “Business and Politics: The Tamil Nadu Puzzle.” In Business and Politics in India, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe, Kohli, Atul, and Murali, Kanta. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, Rana, Lamba, Sneha, and Gupta, Abhijit Sen. 2015. “Growth, Structural Change and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from India.” In Labor, Employment and Economic Growth in India, edited by Ramaswamy, K. V.. Delhi: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, Zoya. 1990. “Power and Mobilization: Patterns of Resilience and Change in Uttar Pradesh Politics,” in Frankel and Rao (1990), pp. 133–203.Google Scholar
Hasan, Zoya. 2009. Politics of Inclusion: Castes, Minorities, and Affirmative Action. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony and Yadav, Yogendra. 1999. “The United Colours of Congress: Social Profile of Congress Voters, 1996 and 1998.” Economic and Political Weekly 34 (34/35): 25182528.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony and Yadav, Yogendra. 2002. “The United Colors of Congress: Social Profile of Congress Voters, 1996 and 1998.” In Parties and Party Politics in India, edited by Hasan, Z.. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heller, Patrick. 2020. “The Age of Reaction: Retrenchment Populism in India and Brazil.” International Sociology 35 (6): 590609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Himanshu, . 2022. “Do We Know What Has Happened to Poverty since 2011–2012?” India Forum. www.theindiaforum.in/article/what-happened-poverty-after-2011-12Google Scholar
Himanshu, and Kundu, S.. 2016. “Rural Wages in India: Recent Trends and Determinants.” Indian Journal of Labour Economics 59: 217244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hindustan Times. 2023. “Withdraw ‘draconian’ Amendments to IT Rules: Editors Guild Tells Govt.” Hindustan Times. April 8, 2023. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/meity-giving-itself-sweeping-powers-to-determine-what-news-is-fake-or-false-editors-guild-of-india/articleshow/99316978.cms?from=mdr.Google Scholar
Indian Express. 2021. “Tamil Nadu CM Stalin Launches ‘doorstep healthcare’ Scheme.” The Indian Express.Google Scholar
Indian Express. 2024. “2024 Lok Sabha Elections Saw overall Voter Turnout at 65.79%, Lowest in Bihar.” Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/elections/2024-lok-sabha-elections-voter-turnout-9376670/.Google Scholar
Institute for Human Development, and International Labour Organization. 2024. India Employment Report 2024: Youth Employment, Education and Skills. New Delhi: Institute for Human Development.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2018. India Wage Report: Wage Policies for Decent Work and Inclusive Growth. Geneva: International Labour Organization.Google Scholar
International Press Institute. 2023. India: Government Amends IT Rules to Further Restrict Press Freedom.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2000. “The Rise of the Other Backward Classes in the Hindi Belt.” Journal of Asian Studies 59 (1): 86108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2003. India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2012. “Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims.” Economic and Political Weekly 47 (8): 7789.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2019. “Business-Friendly Gujarat under Narendra Modi.” In Business and Politics in India, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe, Kohli, Atul, and Murali, Kanta. New York: Oxford University Press, 211233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2021). Modi’s India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe and Verniers, Gilles. 2020. “A New Party System or a New Political System?Contemporary South Asia 28 (2): 141154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe, Kohli, Atul, and Murali, Kanta. 2019. Business and Politics in India. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaishankar, S. 2024. Why Bharat Matters. New Delhi: Rupa Publications.Google Scholar
Jayachandran, Seema. 2015. “The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries.” Annual Review of Economics 7: 6388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayal, Niraja Gopal. 2011. “The Transformation of Citizenship in India in the 1990s and Beyond.” In Understanding India’s New Political Economy, edited by Reddy, S., Ruparelia, S., Harriss, J., and Corbridge, S.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jayal, Niraja Gopal. 2015. “Affirmative Action in India: Before and after the Neo-Liberal Turn.” Cultural Dynamics 27 (1): 117133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, Rob and Manor, James. 2017. Politics and the Right to Work: India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jodhka, S. S. 2005. “Return of the Regions: Identities and Electoral Politics in Punjab.” Economic and Political Weekly 40 (3): 224230.Google Scholar
Jodhka, S. S. 2006. “Beyond ‘Crises’: Rethinking Contemporary Punjab Agriculture.” Economic and Political Weekly 41 (16): 15201537.Google Scholar
Jodhka, S. S. 2012. Oxford Short Introductions: Caste. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jodhka, S. S. 2018. Caste in Contemporary India (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Jodhka, S. S. 2021. “Why Are the Farmers of Punjab Protesting?Journal of Peasant Studies 48 (7): 13561370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jodhka, S. S. 2022. “Political and Electoral Dynamics in Punjab.” Economic and Political Weekly 57 (19): 1922. February 8.Google Scholar
Jodhka, Surinder and Manor, James, eds. 2018. Contested Hierarchies, Persisting Influence: Caste and Power in Twenty-First Century India. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.Google Scholar
Kalaiyarasan, A. 2016. “Populism and Party: Society Developmental Regimes in Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.” In Political Economy of Contemporary India, edited by Nagaraj, R. and Motiram, S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kalaiyarasan, A. and Vijayabaskar, M.. 2021. The Dravidian Model: Interpreting the Political Economy of Tamil Nadu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kannan, K. P. 2022. “India’s Elusive Quest for Inclusive Development: An Employment Perspective.” The Indian Journal of Labor Economics 65: 579623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kannan, K. P. and Raveendran, G.. 2009. “Growth Sans Employment: A Quarter Century of Jobless Growth in India’s Organised Manufacturing.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (10): 8091.Google Scholar
Kannan, K. P. and Raveendran, G.. 2012. “Counting and Profiling the Missing Labour Force.” Economic and Political Weekly 47: 7780. February 11.Google Scholar
Kapoor, Radhicka. 2015. “Creating Jobs in India’s Organized Manufacturing Sector.” Indian Journal of Labor Economics 58 (3): 349375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapoor, Radhicka. 2019. Understanding India’s Jobs Challenge. The India Forum. August 26, 2019.Google Scholar
Kapsos, Steven, Silberman, Andrea, and Bourmpola, Evangelia. 2014. Why Is Female Labour Force Participation Declining So Sharply in India? Geneva: International Labour Organization.Google Scholar
Kapur, Devesh, Prasad, Chandar Bhan, Pritchett, Lant, and Babu, Shyam. 2010. “Rethinking Inequality: Dalits in Uttar Pradesh in the Market Reform Era.” Economic and Political Weekly 45 (35): 3949.Google Scholar
Kar, Saibal and Dasgupta, Indraneel. 2018. The Labour Market in India Since the 1990s. IZA World of Labor 2018 (425). https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/425/pdfs/the-labor-market-in-india-since-the-1990s.pdf.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Andrew. 2015. “Nehru’s Foreign Policy.” In The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, edited by Malone, David M., Mohan, C. Raja, and Raghavan, Srinath. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, A. U. 2005. “Regulating Labor Markets.” In Reforming the Labor Market, edited by Debroy, Bibek and Kaushik, P. D.. New Delhi: Academic Foundation.Google Scholar
Khera, Reetika and Asjad, Md.. 2024. “Welfare Spending in the last Two Decades, India Forum. May 13. www.theindiaforum.in/politics/welfare-spending-past-two-decadesGoogle Scholar
Khosla, Madhav. 2020. India’s Founding Moment: The Constitution of a Most Surprising Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Klasen, Stephan. 1994. “Missing Women Reconsidered.” World Development 22 (7): 10611071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klasen, Stephan and Wink, Claudia. 2003. “Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate.” Feminist Economics 9 (2–3): 263299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klasen, Stephan and Pieters, Janneke. 2015. “What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labour Force Participation in India?World Bank Economic Review 29 (3): 449478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India’s Growing Crisis of Governability. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2001. The Success of India’s Democracy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2006. “Politics of Economic Growth in India, 1980–2005, parts I and II.” Economic and Political Weekly April 1 and April 8.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2012. Poverty Amid Plenty in the New India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2020. Imperialism and the Developing World: How Britain and the United States Shaped the Global Periphery. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolappan, B. 2022. “Economic Development with Social Justice Is Our Goal: Stalin.” The Hindu, 2022.Google Scholar
Kothari, Rajni. 1964. “The Congress ‘System’ in India.” Asian Survey 4 (12): 11611173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kothari, Rajni. 1970a. Caste in Indian Politics. Editor: Rajni Kothari. New Delhi: Orient Longman.Google Scholar
Kothari, Rajni. 1970b. Politics in India. Little, Brown Series in Comparative Politics. Country Study. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Kumar, Ashutosh. 2006. “Electoral Politics in Punjab: 1966–2004.” Journal of Punjab Studies 12 (1): 111127.Google Scholar
Kumar, Ashutosh. 2020a. Electoral Politics in Punjab: Factors and Phases. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kumar, Dharma. 1983. “South India (Agrarian Relations).” In The Cambridge Economic History of India, edited by Kumar, Dharma and Desai, Meghnad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Pramod. 2003. “Electoral Politics in Punjab: From Autonomy to Secession.” In India’s 1999 Elections and 20th Century Politics, edited by Roy, Ramashray and Wallace, P.. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Kumar, Sanjay. 2020b. “Verdict 2019: The Expanded Support Base of the Bharatiya Janata Party.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5 (1): 622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Sanjay and Gupta, Pranav. 2020. “The OBC Vote in North India: Trends and Patterns.” In The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development (1st ed.), edited by Somanaboina, S. and Ramagoud, A.. London: Routledge India.Google Scholar
Lahiri, Shoma Choudhury. 2021. “Women’s Struggles over Religion and Citizenship in Contemporary India.” Contemporary South Asia 29 (2): 281287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahoti, Rahul and Swaminathan, Hema. 2016. “Economic Development and Women’s Labor Force Participation in India.” Feminist Economics 22 (2): 168195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamba, R. and Subramanian, Arvind. 2020. “Dynamism with Incommensurate Development: The Distinctive Indian Model.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (1): 330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2019. How Democracies Die. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Live Mint. 2023. “Hathras Gang-rape Case: A Look at the Timeline as UP Court Sets 3 Accused Free.” Live Mint.Google Scholar
LokSabha. 1949. Constituent Assembly of India Debates (Proceedings).Google Scholar
Madan, Tanvi. 2020. “Managing China: Competitive Engagement with Indian Characteristics,” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/articles/managing-china-competitive-engagement-with-indian-characteristics/Google Scholar
Maitra, Pradeep. 2021. “Khairlanji Episode: Caste Divide Cemented by Brutality from 15 Years ago.” Hindustan Times.Google Scholar
Malone, David M., Mohan, C. Raja, and Raghavan, Srinath, eds. 2015. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manor, James. 2021. “A New, Fundamentally Different Political Order: The Emergence and Future Prospects of ‘Competitive Authoritarianism’ in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 56, no. 10 (March 6): 112 (engage article).Google Scholar
Maxwell, Neville. 1970. India’s China War. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, Santosh and Parida, Jajati. 2017. “Why Is the Labour Force Participation of Women Declining in India?World Development 98: 360380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrotra, Santosh and Parida, Jajati Keshari. 2021. “Poverty in India Is on the Rise Again.” The Hindu. August 4.Google Scholar
Mehta, Pratap. 2020. “PB Mehta Writes: SC Was Never Perfect, but the Signs Are that It Is Slipping into Judicial Barbarism.” Indian Express. November 18. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/supreme-court-arnab-goswami-bail-article-32-pratap-bhanu-mehta-7055067/Google Scholar
Menon, Rajan. 2015. “India and Russia: The Anatomy and Evolution of a Relationship.” In Malone et al. eds. (2015), 509–523.Google Scholar
Menon, Rajan and Rumer, Eugene. 2022. “Russia and India: A New Chapter,” The Return of Global Russia Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. September. https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/09/20/russia-and-india-new-chapter-pub-87958Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko. 2016. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mishra, Uday Shankar and Joe, William. 2020. “Household Assets and Wealth Quintiles, India 2006–16: Insights on Economic Inequalities.” Economic and Political Weekly 55 (6) (February 8): 7782.Google Scholar
Modi, Ashoka. 2023. India Is Broken: A People Betrayed, From Independence to Today. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohan, Surinder. 2022. Complex Rivalry: The Dynamics of India-Pakistan Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, Morris D. 1983. “The Growth of Large-Scale Industry to 1947.” In The Cambridge Economic History of India, edited by Kumar, Dharma and Desai, Meghnad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mukherji, Rahul. 2024. “NGOs and Civil Society.” In The Troubling State of India’s Democracy, edited by Mistree, Dinsha, Ganguly, Sumit, and Diamond, Larry. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Muller, Jan-Werner. 2016. What Is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundle, Sudipto, Chakraborty, Pinaki, Chowdhury, Samik, and Sikdar, Satadru. 2012. “The Quality of Governance: How Have Indian States Performed?Economic and Political Weekly 47 (49): 4152.Google Scholar
Murali, Kanta. 2017. Caste, Class and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murali, Kanta. 2019. “Economic Liberalization and the Structural Power of Business.” In Business and Politics in India, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe, Kohli, Atul, and Murali, Kanta. New York: Oxford University Press, 2549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murali, Kanta. 2024. “Federalism and Centre-State Relations.” In The Troubling State of India’s Democracy, edited by Ganguly, Sumit, Mistree, Dinsha, and Diamond, Larry. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Myrdal, Gunnar 1968. Asian Drama (3 volumes). New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Nagaraj, R. 2004. “Fall in Organized Manufacturing Employment: A Brief Note.” Economic and Political Weekly 24: 33873390.Google Scholar
Nagaraj, R. 2019a. “Make in India: Why Didn’t the Lion Roar,” India Forum. April 8. www.theindiaforum.in/article/make-india-why-didnt-lion-roar.Google Scholar
Nagaraj, R. 2019b. “Cloud over Economic Data Invites Questions about the Government’s Sincerity,” Indian Express. February 22. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-new-gdp-data-central-statistical-office-gdp-series-modi-govt-5595446/Google Scholar
Nagaraj, R. 2024. “India’s Premature Deindustrialization and Falling Investment Rate in the 2010s,” (forthcoming; manuscript received from the author).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayanan, Sudha. 2020. “The Three Farm Bills: Is This the Market Reform Indian Agriculture Needs?” The India Forum. October 2, 2020.Google Scholar
Nath, Paritosh and Basole, Amit. 2021. “Did Employment Rise or Fall in India between 2011 and 2017?: Estimating Absolute Changes in the Workforce.” Economic and Political Weekly 56 (34): 4452.Google Scholar
National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Government of India). 2021. Annual Report 2018–19 and 2019–20. Delhi: National Commission for Schedule Castes (Government of India).Google Scholar
Nayar, Baldev Raj. 1966. Minority Politics in the Punjab. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayar, Baldev Raj. 1989. India’s Mixed Economy: The Role of Ideology and Interest in Its Development. Delhi: Popular Prakashan.Google Scholar
Nehru, Jawaharlal. 1997. The Discovery of India. Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
New York Times. 2025. “What Trump’s Apple Threat Means for India’s Tariff Negotiations.” May 22. www.nytimes.com/2025/05/22/business/trump-tariffs-india-apple.htmlwww.nytimes.com/2025/05/22/business/trump-tariffs-india-apple.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Kenneth Bo and Nilsen, Alf Gunvald. 2021. “Love Jihad and the Governance of Gender and Intimacy in Hindu Nationalist Statecraft.” Religions 12 (12): 1068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nooruddin, Irfan. 2011. Coalition Politics and Economic Development: Credibility and the Strength of Weak Governments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ohno, Akihiko, Fujita, Koichi, and Vatta, Kamal. 2021. “Agrarian Structure of Punjab in the Post-Green Revolution Era: Household Strategies for Distress Coping.” Economic and Political Weekly 56 (40): 5664. October 2.Google Scholar
Pal, G. C. 2023. “Persistence of Caste Violence in Contemporary India: Psychosocial Underpinnings.” In Caste in Everyday Life: Experience and Affect in Indian Society, edited by Bhoi, Dhaneswar and Gorringe, Hugo. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.Google Scholar
Pal, Poulomi. 2018. “The Indian Women’s Movement Today: The Challenges of Addressing Gender based Violence.” In Women’s Movements in the Global Era: The Power of Local Feminisms, edited by Basu, Amrita. Boca Raton: Routledge.Google Scholar
Palshikar, Suhash. 2014. “The Defeat of the Congress.” Economic and Political Weekly 49 (39): 5763.Google Scholar
Palshikar, Suhas. 2024. “Caste and Politics: A Case of Melancholy Democratisation?” In Oxford Handbook of Indian Politics, edited by Ganguly, Sumit and Sridharan, Easwaran. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Panagariya, Arvind. 2020. New India: Reclaiming the Lost Glory. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pandey, Geetha. 2016. “Amma Canteen: Where an Indian Meal Costs Only Seven Cents.” BBC News. July 4.Google Scholar
Pardesi, Manjeet S. 2022. “India’s China Strategy under Modi.” International Politics, 2022, 59, 44–66.Google Scholar
Patnaik, Utsa. 1990. “Some Economic and Political Consequences of the Green Revolution in India.” In The Food Question, edited by Bernstein, Henry, Macintosh, Maureen, and Martin, Charlotte. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2022. India’s Sex Ratio at Birth Begins to Normalize. Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prakash, Gyan. 2019. Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy’s Turning Point. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, Gyan. 2024. “A Life of Contradictions.” New York Review of Books.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2019. Crises of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, Harish. 1983. “The Akali Agitation: An Analysis of Socio-economic Bases of Protest.” Economic and Political Weekly 18 (4): 113118.Google Scholar
Puri, Sukrit. 2024. “Corporate Kinship: Political Attachments of the Family Firm.” Unpublished paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4975164.Google Scholar
Raj, Suhasini. 2024. “Four Years in Jail without Trial: The Price of Dissent in Modi’s India.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2024/10/22/world/asia/india-muslim-dissent.html.Google Scholar
Raja Mohan, C. 2015. “Foreign Policy after 1990.” In The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, edited by Malone, David M., Mohan, C. Raja, and Raghavan, Srinath. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, T. 2023. “How Tamil Nadu Created History through Mid-day Meal Scheme.” The Hindu, 2023.Google Scholar
Ramaseshan, Radhika. 2016. “RSS, BJP and Communal Polarisation in Uttar Pradesh Polls.” Economic and Political Weekly 51 (53) (December 31): 5053.Google Scholar
Rani, Uma and Sen, Ratna. 2018. “Labour Relations and Inclusive Growth in India: New Forms of Voice.” In Industrial Relations in Emerging Economies: The Quest for Inclusive Development, edited by Hayter, Susan and Lee, Chang-Hee. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Rau, E. G. and Stokes, S.. 2025. “Income Inequality and the Erosion of Democracy in the Twenty-First Century.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (1): e2422543121. www.pnas.org/doi/epub/10.1073/pnas.2422543121www.pnas.org/doi/epub/10.1073/pnas.2422543121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, C. Rammanohar. 2019. “Media in Contemporary India.” In Business and Politics in India, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe et al. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reddy, D. N., Reddy, A. A., and Bantilan, M. C. S. 2014. “The Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on Rural Labor Markets and Agriculture.” India Review 13 (3): 251273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, V. Ratna and Rao, R. Nageswara. 2003. “Primary Education: Progress and Constraints.” Economic and Political Weekly 38 (12–13): 12421251. March 22–29.Google Scholar
Reserve Bank of India. 2019–2020. Handbook of Statistics on Indian States, 2019–20. Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India.Google Scholar
Reserve Bank of India. 2023. Handbook of Statistics on Indian States, 2022–23. Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India.Google Scholar
Roy, Anupama. 2010. “Women’s Movements.” In The Oxford Companion to Politics in India, edited by Jayal, Niraja Gopal and Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roy, Indrajit. 2022. “Charting the Historical and Developmental Trajectory of Uttar Pradesh.” In The Wire. March 7. https://thewire.in/politics/uttar-pradesh-development-trajectory-histry-politicsGoogle Scholar
Roy, Sutirtha Sinha and van der Weide, Roy. 2022. “Poverty in India Has Declined over the Last Decade but Not as Much as Previously Thought.” Policy Research Working Paper No. 9994. The World Bank.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Lloyd I. and Rudolph, Susan H.. 1967. The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ruparelia, Sanjay. 2013. “India’s New Rights Agenda: Genesis, Promises, Risks.” Pacific Affairs 86 (3): 569590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruparelia, Sanjay. 2015. Divided We Govern: Coalition Politics in India. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampath, G. 2021. “Why Is the Government against the Caste Census?” The Hindu. September 28, 2021.Google Scholar
Sanyal, Anirban and Singh, Nirvikar. 2021. “Structural Change and Economic Growth in India: A Comparative Study of Punjab.” India Growth and Development Review 15 (1): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkar, Sudipa. 2015. “Murderous Violence at Work: Conflict and Aggression in Indian Auto Factories.” Work Organisation, Labour and Globalization 9 (1): 3862.Google Scholar
Sarkar, Sudipta and Mishra, Deepak. 2021. “Circular Labour Migration from Rural India: A Study of Out Migration of Male Labour from West Bengal.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56 (6): 14031418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkar, Sudipa, Sahoo, Soham, and Klasen, Stephan. 2019. “Employment Transitions of Women in India: A Panel Analysis.” World Development 115: 291309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkar, Tanika. 2022. “Introduction: Women of Hindu Rashtra.” In Women, Gender, and Religious Nationalism, edited by Basu, Amrita and Sarkar, Tanika. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Saxena, N. C. 2016. “Governance Reforms in India.” In Reinventing Social Democratic Development, edited by Tornquist, Olle and Harriss, John. Copenhagen, Denmark: NIAS Press, 130167.Google Scholar
Sekhon, J. S. and Sharma, S.. 2017. “Evaluation of SAD-BJP Government (2007–17).” Economic and Political Weekly 52 (January 3): 5054.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1992. “Missing Women.” British Medical Journal 304 (6827): 587588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen, Amartya. 2000. Amartya Sen on Kerala. New Delhi: Institute of Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 2003. “Missing Women – Revisited.” British Medical Journal 327 (7427): 12971298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen, Ronojoy. 2012. “The Persistence of Caste in Indian Politics.” Pacific Affairs 85 (2): 362369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, Rukmini. 2022. “Mapping Women’s Activism in India.” In Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia, edited by Fernandes, Leela. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sengupta, Mitu. 2009. “Economic Liberalization, Democratic Expansion and Organized Labour in India: Towards a New Politics of Revival?Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society 14 (Autumn 2009): 1331.Google Scholar
Sengupta, Mitu. 2015. “Modi Planning: What the NITI Aayog Suggests About the Aspiration and Practices of the Modi Government.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38 (4): 791806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, Alpa and Lerche, Jens. 2020. “Migration and the Invisible Economies of Care: Production, Social Reproduction and Seasonal Migrant Labour in India.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 45 (4): 719734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, Ghanshyam. 2022. “Modi’s Power Play and Mega-Marketing in the 2009 Elections.” In Gujarat, Cradle and Harbinger of Identity Politics: India’s Injurious Frame of Communalism, edited by Breman, Jan and Shah, Ghanshyam. New Delhi: Tulika Books.Google Scholar
Shah, Neha and Shah, Atman. 2022. “The ‘Gujarat Development Model’ Is Proof that Trickle-Down Economics Is a Fantasy.” Scroll.in. November 27, 2022. https://scroll.in/article/1038161/.Google Scholar
Shyam Sundar, K. R. 2015. “Industrial Conflict in India in the Post-Reform Period: Who Said All Is Quiet on the Industrial Front?Economic and Political Weekly 50 (3): 4353. January 17.Google Scholar
Shyam Sundar, K. R. 2019. “Dynamics of General Strikes in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 54 (3): 2224.Google Scholar
Shyam Sundar, K. R. and Sakpal, R.. 2017. “Labour Law, Governance Reforms, and Protests: Are They Legitimate?Economic and Political Weekly 52 (38): 5966.Google Scholar
Singh, Ajit Kumar. 2021. “Economic Growth in Uttar Pradesh in Recent Years.” Economic and Political Weekly 56 (50) (December 11): 1012.Google Scholar
Singh, Amrita. 2024. “The Chilling of the Fourth Estate after 10 Years of Modi.” Foreign Policy. May 7. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/05/07/modi-media-journalists-freedom-press/.Google Scholar
Singh, Gurharpal. 1998. “The Akalis and the BJP in Punjab: From Ayodhya to the 1997 Legislative Election.” In The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India, edited by Hansen, Thomas Blom and Jaffrelot, Christophe. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Singh, Gurharpal. 2017a. “Whither Punjab Politics?Economic and Political Weekly 52 (13): 45. April 1.Google Scholar
Singh, Prerna. 2015. How Solidarity Works: Subnationalism and Social Development in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, Pritam. 2008. Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, Pritam. 2017b. “Tracking Punjab: Rich but Not Developed.” Economic and Political Weekly 52 (3). January 21.Google Scholar
Singh, Lakhwinder and Singh, Nirvikar. 2016. “Economic Transformation and Development Experience of Indian Punjab: An Introduction.” In Economic Transformation of a Developing Economy: The Experience of Punjab, India, edited by Singh, Lakhwinder and Singh, Nirvikar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, Aseema. 2005. The Regional Roots of Development Politics in India: A Divided Leviathan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sitapati, Vinay. 2017. “Reservations.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution, edited by Choudhry, Sujit, Khosla, Madhav, and Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sitapati, Vinay. 2018. The Man who Remade India: A Biography of Narasimha Rao. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sitapati, Vinay. 2021. India before Modi: How the BJP Came to Power. London: Hurst Publishers.Google Scholar
Sivakumar, B. 2017. “Stalin Blames TN Govt for Stopping Distribution of Eggs to Children under Noon Meal Scheme.” The Times of India. November 20, 2017. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-blames-tn-govt-for-stopping-distribution-of-eggs-to-children-under-noon-meal-scheme/articleshow/61723264.cms.Google Scholar
Sood, Atul. 2020. The Silent Takeover of Labor Rights. The India Forum. November 17, 2020.Google Scholar
Sood, Atul and Nath, Paritosh. 2023. “Labour Law Changes: Innocuous Mistakes, Sleight of Hand, or Taking Sides.” In Media, Migrants, and the Pandemic in India: A Reader, edited by Bhushan, Bharat. Abingdon, Oxon, England: Routledge.Google Scholar
Spary, Carole. 2024. “Women in Indian Politics.” In The Troubling State of India’s Democracy, edited by Ganguly, Sumit, Mistree, Dinsha, and Diamond, Larry. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Sridharan, E. 2014. “Class Voting in the 2014 Elections.” Economic and Political Weekly 49 (39): 7276. September 27.Google Scholar
Sridharan, E. 2020. “Understanding Voting Patterns by Class in the 2019 Indian Elections.” Indian Politics and Policy 3 (1): 4965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srinivas, M. N. 1959. “The Dominant Caste in Rampura.” American Anthropologist 61 (1): 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srinivas, M. N. 1970. Caste in Modern India and Other Essays. New York: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Srivastava, Ravi. 2019. “Emerging Dynamics of Labour Market Inequality in India: Migration, Informality, Segmentation and Social Discrimination.” Indian Journal of Labour Economics 62 (2): 147171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, Ravi. 2021. “Growth and Consumption in Uttar Pradesh under ‘Neoliberalism’.” In Patel, Sujata, ed. Neoliberalism, Urbanization and Aspirations in Contemporary India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 6488.Google Scholar
Srivastava, Saraswati. 1976. “Uttar Pradesh: Politics of Neglected Development.” In State Politics in India, edited by Narain, Iqbal. Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2012. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers our Future. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Subramanian, Narendra. 1999. Ethnicity and Populist Mobilization: Political Parties, Citizens, and Democracy in South India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Subramanian, S. 2019. “What Is Happening to Rural Welfare, Poverty, and Inequality in India?” The India Forum. November 27. www.theindiaforum.in/article/what-happened-rural-welfare-poverty-and-inequality-india-between-2011-12-and-2017-18.Google Scholar
Subramanian, S. 2024. “The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey, 2022–23.” April 3. www.theindiaforum.in/economy/household-consumption-expenditure-survey-2022-23.Google Scholar
Sundaram, K. and Tendulkar, S.. 2003. “Poverty among Social and Economic Groups in India in 1990s.” Economic and Political Weekly 38 (50): 52635276.Google Scholar
Suri, K. C. 2019. “Social Change and the Changing Indian Voter: Consolidation of the BJP in India’s 2019 Lok Sabha Election.” Studies in Indian Politics 7 (2): 234246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suri, K. C. 2021. “Emergence of BJP’s Dominance and Durability.” Economic and Political Weekly 56 (10). March 6. www.epw.in/engage/article/emergence-bjps-dominance-and-its-durabilitywww.epw.in/engage/article/emergence-bjps-dominance-and-its-durabilityGoogle Scholar
Talbot, Ian. 1991. “British Rule in the Punjab, 1849–1947: Characteristics and Consequences.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 19 (2): 203221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teitelbaum, Emmanuel. 2011. Mobilizing Restraint: Democracy and Industrial Conflict in Postreform South Asia (1st ed.). Ithaca: ILR Press.Google Scholar
Telford, Hamish. 1992. “The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy.” Asian Survey 32 (11): 969987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellis, Ashley. 2015. “U.S.-India Relations: The Struggle for an Enduring Partnership.” In the Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy, edited by David Malone, C. Raja Mohan and Srinath Raghavan. (2015), 481–494.Google Scholar
Tellis, Ashley. 2022. “‘What Is in Our Interest’: India and the Ukraine War,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April. https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/04/25/what-is-in-our-interest-india-and-ukraine-war-pub-86961Google Scholar
Thachil, Tariq. 2014. Elite Parties, Poor Voters: How Social Services Win Votes in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Economist. 2021. “Meet the Dravidian Stalin.” The Economist, 440 (9252): 52. www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/09/01/why-is-indias-sex-ratio-normalising (online: September 1, 2022).Google Scholar
The Economist. 2022. “Why Is India’s Sex Ratio Normalizing?.”Google Scholar
The Economist. 2024a. “Narendra Modi and Xi Jinping Meet and Resolve a Border Row.” October 24, 2024.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2024b. “Why Caste Still Matters in Indian Politics?”Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2021. “CM Launches ‘Illam Thedi Kalvi’ Scheme.” October 27, 2021.Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2022a. “Pudhumai Penn Scheme Launch in Tamil Nadu | Chief Ministers Stalin, Kejriwal Share Dais.” September 6, 2022.Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2022b. “Tamil Nadu Chief Minister inaugurates ‘Naan Mudhalvan’ Scheme for Students.” March 2, 2022.Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2023a. “T.N. CM Stalin Launches Expansion of Breakfast Scheme across State, to Benefit 17 lakh School Students.” August 25, 2023.Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2023b. “Tamil Nadu CM Stalin launches Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam in Kancheepuram.” September 16, 2023.Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2023c. “Tamil Nadu’s Economic Growth Increased to 8% at Constant Prices in 2021–22, 2022–23.” August 27, 2023.Google Scholar
The Hindu. 2023d. “The Caste Imperative: On the Subject of an Updated Caste Census.” April 20, 2023.Google Scholar
Thomas, Jayan Jose. 2021. “The Achievements and Challenges of the Kerala ‘Model’,” The India Forum. June 27. www.theindiaforum.in/authors/jayan-jose-thomas.Google Scholar
Thorat, Amit. 2010. “Ethnicity, Caste and Religion: Implications for Poverty Outcomes.” Economic and Political Weekly 45 (51) (December 10): 4753.Google Scholar
Thorat, Sukhdeo and Newman, Katherine, eds. 2010. Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination in Modern India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tillin, Louise. 2019. Indian Federalism: Oxford Short Introductions. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tudor, Maya. 2023. “Why India’s Democracy Is Dying.” Journal of Democracy 34 (3): 121132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uba, Katrin. 2008. “Labor Union Resistance to Economic Liberalization in India: What Can National and State-Level Patterns of Protest against Privatization Tell Us?Asian Survey 48 (5): 860884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulekh, N. P. 2015. War Room: The People, Tactics and Technology Behind the Narendra Modi’s 2014 Win. New Delhi: Lotus Collection, Roli Books.Google Scholar
UNICEF. 2024. “India: Newborn and Child Health.” www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/newborn-and-child-health.Google Scholar
Vaishnav, Milan. 2019. “The Dawn of India’s Fourth Party System.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/09/05/dawn-of-india-s-fourth-party-system-pub-79759Google Scholar
Vaishnav, Milan and Hintson, Jamie. 2019. “As Uttar Pradesh Goes so Goes India.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/05/as-uttar-pradesh-goes-so-goes-india-pub-78247.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, Virginia. 2009. “The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions.” Asian Survey 49 (6): 975997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varadarajan, Siddharth, ed. 2002. Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Delhi: Penguin (India).Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 1998. “Why Democracy Survives.” Journal of Democracy 9 (3): 3650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2000. “Is India Becoming More Democratic?Journal of Asian Studies 59 (1): 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2019. “Modi Consolidates Power: Electoral Vibrancy, Mounting Liberal Deficits.” Journal of Democracy 30 (4): 6377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2022. “India’s Democratic Longevity and Its Troubled Trajectory.” In Democracy in Hard Places, edited by Masoud, Tarek and Mainwaring, Scott. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Verma, A. K. 2016. “Third Democratic Upsurge in Uttar Pradesh.” Economic and Political Weekly 51 (53) (December 31): 4449.Google Scholar
Verma, Arvind, Quereshi, Hanif, and Yearn Kim, Jee. 2017. “Exploring the Trend of Violence against Women in India.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 41 (1–2): 318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vijayabaskar, M. and Vignesh Karthik, K. R.. 2021. “A Crucible of Tamil Nadu’s Sociopolitical Ethos: 2021 Assembly Elections.” Economic and Political Weekly 56 (11): 1417. March 13.Google Scholar
Visaria, Leela, ed. 2021. India’s Development Story: A Case of Gujarat State. (A supplement of the Journal of Social and Economic Development, V. 23, Issue 1, No. 1; also published as a book) New Delhi: Springer, India.Google Scholar
Vyas, Mahesh. 2019. “11 million Jobs Lost in 2018 – One-third of Them by the Salaried Class.” Business Standard. www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/11-million-jobs-lost-in-2018-119010700554_1.html.Google Scholar
Wallace, Paul. 1986. “The Sikhs as a ‘Minority’ in a Sikh Majority State in India.” Asian Survey 26 (3): 363377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Paul. 1988. “Religious and Secular Politics in Punjab: The Sikh Dilemma in Competing Political Systems.” In Political Dynamics and Crisis in Punjab, edited by Wallace, Paul and Chopra, Surendra. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University.Google Scholar
Wallace, Paul. 1989. “Religious and Ethnic Politics: Political Mobilization in Punjab.” In Dominance and State Power in Modern India, edited by Frankel, Francine R. and Rao, M. S. A.. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Washbrook, David. 1989. “Caste, Class and Dominance in Modern Tamil Nadu: Non -Brahminism, Dravidianism and Tamil Nationalism.” In Dominance and State Power in Modern India, edited by Frankel, Francine and Rao, M. S. A.. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 1967. Party Building in a New Nation: The Indian National Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 2001. “The Struggle for Equality: Caste in Indian Politics.” In The Success of India’s Democracy, edited by Kohli, Atul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Rina Verma. 2022. “Track Changes: Women and the BJP from the 1990s to the 2010s.” In Women, Gender and Religious Nationalism, edited by Basu, Amrita and Sarkar, Tanika. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Winters, Jeffrey. 2011. Oligarchy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witsoe, Jeffrey 2013. Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, Andrew. 2010. Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns, and Processes. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra. 1999. “Electoral Politics in the Time of Change: India’s Third Electoral System, 1989–1999.” Economic and Political Weekly 34 (34–35): 23932399.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra. 2002. “Understanding the Second Dramatic Upsurge: Trends of Bahujan Participation in Electoral Politics in the 1990s.” In Transforming India: Social and Political Dynamics of Democracy, edited by Frankel, Francine R., Hasan, Zoya, Bhargava, Rajeev, and Arora, Balveer. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra. 2004. “The Elusive Mandate of 2004.” Economic and Political Weekly 39 (51): 53835398.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra and Palshikar, Suhas. 2009a. “Between Fortuna and Virtu: Explaining the Congress’ Ambiguous Victory in 2009.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (39): 3346.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra and Palshikar, Suhas. 2009b. “Principal State Level Contests and Derivative National Choices: Electoral Trends in 2004–09.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (6): 5562.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra, Sardesai, Shreyas, and Shastri, Rahul. 2024. “The Sociology of the 2024 Elections in 10 Charts.” The Print. June 13, 2024.Google Scholar
Ziegfeld, Adam. 2020. “A New Dominant Party in India? Putting the 2019 BJP Victory into Comparative and Historical Perspective.” India Review 19 (2): 136152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: Inaccessible, or known limited accessibility

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book is known to have missing or limited accessibility features. We may be reviewing its accessibility for future improvement, but final compliance is not yet assured and may be subject to legal exceptions. If you have any questions, please contact accessibility@cambridge.org.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Atul Kohli, Princeton University, New Jersey, Kanta Murali, University of Toronto
  • Book: Democracy and Inequality in India
  • Online publication: 11 October 2025
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Atul Kohli, Princeton University, New Jersey, Kanta Murali, University of Toronto
  • Book: Democracy and Inequality in India
  • Online publication: 11 October 2025
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Atul Kohli, Princeton University, New Jersey, Kanta Murali, University of Toronto
  • Book: Democracy and Inequality in India
  • Online publication: 11 October 2025
Available formats
×