Chapter 1 analyzes the new balance of power emerging in the world of cultural property between source countries and market countries. It begins with a case study of the Benin Bronzes and the recent measures of “cultural diplomacy” employed between Nigeria, as the source territory of these objects, and governments and cultural institutions located in Western countries. It then explores cases where cross-border collaboration takes place to address real-time or recent acts of illegal excavation, looting, and smuggling of cultural objects across national borders. With these in mind, the chapter introduces the concept of new cultural internationalism, suggesting that these changing dynamics should not be seen as leading to “isolationism” or a backlash against globalization. This is particularly true as the cross-border nature of cultural property markets is probably more dominant than ever before, though it now bears more complex and multidirectional traits compared to the traditional categorical division into source countries and market countries.