Early African American humour functioned as a method of cultural formation, an in-group way of communicating based on the needs and experiences of the enslaved community. Contemporary Black stand-up has been a foundation upon which to reveal realities of Black life and make those realities accessible and entertaining to an increasingly global audience. This chapter explores the innovative styles and approaches to the artform as an indication that the limits of Black stand-up are expanding. Using three case studies, it demonstrates the Afrofuturistic trajectory of the genre. Elements of resistance have given way to comedic approaches that centre imagination; fleeting moments of revenge are superseded by the materiality of the emancipated Black body; a sense of contentment and personal growth are foregrounded, ephemeral pleasures looming still; and rituals of play produce Afrofuturistic otherworlds where difference matters, disabused of its regulatory power to rank and marginalise.

This chapter overviews the characteristics and circumstances predisposing people to lead or join hate movements with a particular focus on the virulent anti-Semitism that united figures such as Father Charles Coughlin, Charles Lindbergh, and Henry Ford. By analyzing these figures and their followers, we extrapolate practices common among hate groups. After identifying character traits and risk factors (e.g., political and economic insecurity), we discuss their more modern manifestations. First we clarify our definition of hate groups as defined by the Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Southern Poverty Law Center. We then extrapolate from these definitions to show how they align well with our definition of a cult. Following this, we acknowledge the challenges that accompany hate group designation while concluding that it is still vital for tracking modern-day hate groups and discrimination. We conclude by acknowledging the continued threat of hate groups and the presence of risk factors seen throughout history, such as global public health emergencies. We also discuss challenges unique to the technology age, such as epistemic bubbles and echo chambers. In summary, the chapter provides an outline of how hate groups come to be and provides a discussion of their continuing threat in society.

This chapter focuses on how Bangladesh, a country with extensive experience of climate-related disasters, has dealt with loss and damage in its national policymaking. In response to its high vulnerability, Bangladesh is – among the countries studied in this book – a role model in disaster reduction and preparedness. However, the government’s efforts do not meet the scope of needs connected to climate impacts on the ground. Drawing on a review of relevant policy documents and semi-structured interviews with key public and civil society actors, the chapter analyzes national-level engagement with loss and damage from climate change in Bangladesh. It demonstrates that while fundamentally all ministries in Bangladesh are involved in averting, minimizing, or addressing loss and damage, the concept is yet to be fully integrated in national policy. The chapter also finds that existing policies tend to focus on addressing economic losses and overlook the significant noneconomic losses from climate change. It is argued that integrating loss and damage into national policies, establishing a fair national mechanism, and creating a comprehensive database of loss and damage data would strengthen Bangladesh’s role as both an advocate for loss and damage governance and a leader in climate response.

Clinical ethics consultations can be haunting. Ethics consultants have few opportunities to reflect on the affective impact of their work. This book offers detailed cases, confessions, reflections, regrets, and triumphs experienced by ethics consultants. The authors bravely share what haunts them about the complex and demanding work of ethics consultation. Consultants experience moral distress but it’s rarely discussed. Our values are woven into the consultation. We’re not always sure if this is for better or worse. One poignant case may haunt us for our entire career. The second edition of the book includes the cases written by original authors regarding neonatology, pediatrics, palliative care, psychiatry, religious and cultural values, clinical innovation, professionalism, and organizational ethics. The book includes educational activities for ethics committees, consultants, and students at all levels of study. In the second edition, new authors reflect on clinical ethics practice, highlight how our practices have changed, and reflect on equity and diversity dimensions of patient care and ethics consultations.

This chapter reviews how climate change is projected to affect the frequency, severity and/or spatial distribution of tropical cyclones, severe storms that generate tornadoes, and floods; the factors that influence people’s exposure and vulnerability to such events; adaptation options for reducing displacement risks; and, common characteristics of migration and displacement across all categories of extreme weather events. We then focus on specific types of extreme weather and provide more detailed analyses and case studies of migration and displacement events associated with tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and floods.

This chapter illustrates the rise of automated decision-making and surveillance technologies in government, alongside the growing political inequality within Western liberal democracies. It examines the historical development of the use of technology in government, from paper-based systems to increasingly networked electronic systems, culminating in the extensive use of automation and AI in government. It demonstrates the effect of new technologies on vulnerable populations, honing in on social security as a case study. It shows that since the 1970s, the rapid advancements of technologies, combined with the “new public management” ideology, have effected fundamental changes in the processes, structures, staffing levels, and operations of government to an unprecedented extent. To illustrate the significant issues relating to the use of automated government decision-making, the chapter focuses on the government’s use of automation in social security as a case study.

The United States has more than 15,000 nursing homes that care for more than 1.3 million residents. More than 70 percent of these facilities are for-profit, and about 9 percent are owned by private equity funds. Nursing home residents are vulnerable – and yet too many nursing homes have inadequate staffing levels, poor infection control, failures in oversight, and deficiencies that harm residents. Government enforcement has proved inadequate. Private law tools can force transparency of ownership, strengthen litigation by families of injured patients, and create expanded fiduciary tools to claw back excess profits.

What is Private Law? It has two components in the nursing home setting. First, the tort doctrine of corporate negligence, which first applied tort liability to hospitals, treats nursing homeowners as responsible for their residents. Corporate negligence principles expand the reach of tort against a secretive industry that conceals ownership to avoid suit. Second, fiduciary law principles likewise apply perfectly to nursing home owners: Residents are vulnerable physically, lack the cognitive skills to protect themselves, do not choose their home, and require heightened care. Fiduciary law duties add to tort damages future-looking equitable tools that change the ownership calculus for those who invest in and run nursing homes. Fiduciary law identifies power imbalances and vulnerability, allowing vulnerable beneficiaries to demand proper care or be forced out of business.

Engagement theory recognises that a student’s engagement with education is impacted by factors external to schooling. It is argued that this relationship starts at birth and is continually influenced by family, community, media and individual characteristics in both positive and negative ways.

This chapter investigates the various external factors that influence student engagement. It explores an ecological approach to engagement focusing on personal, family, community and social factors. It reviews the impact of key indicators of health, wellbeing and development on student engagement and highlights what teachers can do to recognise these influences and accommodate them where possible.