Designing healthcare interventions for children with complex health needs often overlooks the perspectives of key stakeholders, including children. Collaborative design is essential for creating solutions that integrate diverse viewpoints and bridge communication gaps. However, prior studies lack tools to align stakeholder perspectives in pediatric care. This study introduces Octo, an educational toy, as a boundary object to enhance communication among children aged 4 to 10 with congenital heart disease (CHD), their parents, and healthcare providers. Octo evolves from a prototype to a functional educational tool, fostering engagement through play while promoting health literacy and stakeholder collaboration. This research through design (RtD) demonstrates the effectiveness of boundary objects in advancing inclusive, child-led interventions and collaborative healthcare design.

This research investigates the needs and preferences of low-income angioplasty patients and their caregivers in India during post-angioplasty recovery. Through in-depth interviews and contextual inquiries, the study uncovers critical informational, physical, and emotional needs. Patients often lack access to reliable health information, leading to misconceptions about care and medication adherence. Pain management and emotional support are significant concerns for both patients and caregivers. The study proposes the integration of digital health solutions to address these challenges, providing a platform for reliable information, communication, and support. This research emphasizes the need for context-sensitive interventions to improve patient outcomes and enhance the quality of life for vulnerable populations in developing countries.

Anatomical variations in the upper airway significantly impact the effectiveness of video laryngoscope blades. Existing literature on upper airway dynamics and blade design lacks a comprehensive framework to address these variations. The proposed model uses the extent of mouth opening with three demographic features and three anatomical features in the closed-mouth state to predict the anatomical features in the open-mouth state, which can support the design of a laryngoscope blade. Pearson’s correlation was studied to understand the correlation between the features, and the ordinary least square method was used to develop a model. For all three outputs, a separate model was developed, which gave R-squares of 0.98,0.74 and 0.94. The findings highlight the potential of data-driven approaches to optimize laryngoscope blade designs.

Traditional design automation enables parameterized customization but struggles with adapting to abstract or context-based user requirements. Recent advances in integrating large language models with script-driven CAD kernels provide a novel framework for context-sensitive, natural-language-driven design processes. Here, we present augmented design automation, enhancing parametric workflows with a semantic layer to interpret and execute functional, constructional, and effective user requests. Using CadQuery, experiments on a sandal model demonstrate the system’s capability to generate diverse and meaningful design variations from abstract prompts. This approach overcomes traditional limitations, enabling flexible and user-centric product development. Future research should focus on addressing complex assemblies and exploring generative design capabilities to expand the potential of this approach.

This study evaluates a framework for translating user scenarios into engineering specifications with AI integration. We conducted workshops with AI-assisted and non-AI teams to assess AI’s impact on usability, efficiency, and collaboration. We collected data through surveys, interviews, and observations. Results indicate the framework is moderately to highly usable. While AI improved efficiency, it did not enhance output comprehensiveness or collaboration. Information overload and limited contextual understanding hindered AI integration. The study highlights AI’s potential as a technical consultant and interdisciplinary bridge, emphasizing the need for domain-specific training and enhanced interactivity capabilities to optimize human-AI collaboration. These findings underscore AI’s role in engineering design, contributing to scalable methods for developing user-centered specifications.

eHealth systems, such as digital care applications or remote monitoring devices, can improve health outcomes using user-centered design principles to create medical devices that adapt to users’ needs and contexts. Data-enabled design (DED) builds on these principles by leveraging user-generated data to iteratively refine systems based on real-world use, enabling adaptive and context-sensitive solutions. However, its exploratory and iterative nature conflicts with the rigid protocols required in clinical trials to evaluate safety and effectiveness. This study revises DED in alignment with clinical trial requirements, identifying four key challenges and proposing a four-phase Clinical Data-Enabled Design (C-DED) framework. This framework reconciles exploratory design with trial methodological demands, supporting the development of safe, effective, and user-centered eHealth medical devices.

The rise of mindfulness apps has integrated these tools into daily life, but concerns arise about preserving traditional practices and the ethical use of manipulative dark patterns that undermine user autonomy. This study examines the impact of dark patterns on user perceptions, engagement, and trust in mindfulness apps using expert reviews, surveys, journaling, and interviews. Three apps—Calm, Headspace, and Insight Timer—were analyzed for dark patterns, with participants documenting their experiences and perceptions. The findings underscore the need for ethical design practices to enhance trust and informed decision-making while highlighting the influence of dark patterns on user behavior and experience.

The authors investigated the prototyping and iteration of three prototype workflows in an operational engineering organization. Data were collected from an ethnographic field study that included observations, interviews, and participatory design workshops. The data were triangulated and synthesized thematically, yielding the following key findings: (1) The value of having an ethnographic field study in improving engineering teams' prototyping (2) Prototyping digital engineering capabilities in realistic operational settings offers enhanced opportunities for buy-in and technology infusion (3) Experienced professionals identified and rtined new use cases through prototyped workflows. The findings and the context-rich details from the field study have been instrumental in furthering digital engineering applied research and in defining follow-on efforts to advance engineering practice.

Traveling on and interacting with an autonomous bus confronts disabled passengers with a handful of different and unknown challenges in terms of accessibility. To address this, a user journey was developed that includes the challenges for disabled passengers when traveling and interacting with an autonomous bus. The user journey provides a chronological list of occurring challenges for passengers with a disability. With the help of three qualitative studies in which four bus operators, ten bus drivers and 25 disabled passengers participated, the challenges of the user journey could be identified and some important requirements for possible solutions could be determined. By identifying the challenges, solutions can now be developed so that disabled passengers can travel on an autonomous bus and therefore the accessibility of autonomous buses can be increased.

To address the evolving life-cycle needs of both the amputee and prosthesis, input from key stakeholder (amputees and family members, prosthetist, physiotherapist, and prosthesis technician) is essential. Collaborative decision-making is necessary for timely involvement in the design, redesign, and maintenance of prostheses. Our framework, adProLiSS, supports this process by integrating stakeholder knowledge and real-time data obtained from smart prosthetic devices. Through an Ontology-Driven Prosthesis-Service System Framework incorporating an Ontology-Driven Consequence Mapping Model, key decision makers can visualise the consequences of their choices, enhancing communication, alignment, and adaptability. This holistic, data-driven approach prioritises patient-centred care, advocating for a paradigm shift in healthcare design practices.

This paper presents two studies with packaging design engineers and quality and risk professionals in the pharmaceutical packaging industry, addressing the critical need for design support. The studies contribute to the development of a framework aimed at balancing risk management and multi-user experience in the context of product support. A review of prior work highlights the gap in tailored support for designers in this field. Using structured interviews and thematic analysis, seven key requirements were identified to guide the framework’s creation. A user persona was also developed, capturing the core responsibilities, challenges, and motivations of quality and risk professionals. These findings provide actionable insights to aid designers address complex regulatory and user-centric challenges, paving the way for innovation and improved outcomes in pharmaceutical packaging design.

Among state-of-the-art research, thermoelectric modules using the Peltier effect are used for general personalized climatization. However, none of the personalized climatization approaches found in literature reviewed the usability for the wearer, let alone in the context of motorcycle driving. This work was aimed at integrating Peltier technology into a motorcycling protective item in such a way that it is functional, perceived as safe, and usable for motorcyclists. Multiple integration options observing the requirements for motorcyclist’s safety equipment were generated. The functionality and usability of the integration approaches, as well as their impacts on perceived safety of the driver were evaluated. This work could serve as a base for future studies addressing user-oriented methodologies for the validation of technical products in the context of motorcycle protective clothing.

Extending the lifetime of products is one objective of a Circular Economy. The lifetime of a vehicle is limited not only by wear, but also by declining customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is related to the different types of quality. Components aim for different types of quality. That is why modularization is seen as a possible enabler to facilitate both durability and adaptability in the vehicle structure. Additionally, extending their lifetime integrates passenger vehicles into a Circular Economy. This paper aims to define classes of components to support the development of a modular structure for passenger vehicles that is suitable for a Circular Economy. It provides four classes based on the relevance of components to customer satisfaction and their expected lifetime. This enables the targeted development of R-strategies for components.

Virtual Reality (VR) has garnered significant attention as a potential ‘empathy machine’ for its ability to simulate firsthand experiences of others’ perspectives. However, recent research reveals conflicting evidence regarding VR’s effectiveness in fostering empathy, with outcomes ranging from strong positive effects to complete ineffectiveness. By analyzing both subjective experiences and objective measures, this study aims to elucidate the relationship between VR design and human empathy, addressing three prevalent perspectives on the field’s inconsistencies: flawed mechanisms, ineffective design, and mismatched methodology. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of empathic VR and provide practical implications for designing effective VR-based empathy interventions in engineering contexts.

sEMG biofeedback therapy can be used to treat arm paresis after a stroke by using surface mounted EMG electrodes to measure muscle activity in the forearm and provide visual feedback to the patient. Since current sEMG biofeedback systems rely on manual placement of a few large electrodes, they cannot be used to discriminate between individual extrinsic finger muscle activities, which is necessary for training everyday hand movements. In this paper, we present our concept for the development of a device that enables the resolution of individual finger activities. We have developed a method that uses and reduces information from large-scale sEMG scans of a person's forearm to identify suitable locations for the strategic placement of a minimal number of electrodes in a personalised forearm sleeve, which is the key component of an effective biofeedback device for everyday hand movements.

Repair plays a critical role in promoting circular economy principles and fostering resource efficiency. However, the current environment often discourages repair activities. While new policies, such as the Green Deal and EU directives, aim to disseminate and implement repair strategies, there remains a significant need to support users throughout the repair process. This study aims to explore the existing body of knowledge that supports users at various stages of the repair activity, focusing specifically on household appliances. Through a systematic literature review, 12 articles were identified, analyzed, and categorized into five themes. Furthermore, seven key attributes were identified, against which the selected papers were classified. The analysis highlights the need for effective and efficient support, particularly for non-tech-savvy users, during self-repair activities.

As the global elderly population grows, emotional challenges unique to this demographic are often neglected in design under the assumption that older adults can regulate their emotions independently. This study highlights the importance of fostering positive emotions in the elderly through leisure activities. It examines (1) how design practitioners conceptualize emotion regulation in older adults, (2) the challenges they face in creating supportive designs, and (3) enablers identified by elderly individuals. Twelve design practitioners generated 64 interactive design concepts to enhance elderly leisure experiences, followed by interviews with five elderly participants to explore their emotional needs and preferences. The findings underscore designers’ challenges and highlight opportunities for user-centered approaches to promote emotional well-being in aging populations.

This paper, positioned within two universities’ contexts on design education, explores the critical role of awareness in co-design with individuals who have lived experiences. The study introduces a SkillsLab designed to prepare students for managing awkward moments during co-design sessions. A SkillsLab is an intensive learning activity combining hands-on practice, theoretical insights, and practical exercises to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge on a topic and the real-life application of this knowledge in a project-based setting. The learning activity aims to enhance students’ confidence and skills in navigating awkward moments in co-design. The findings suggest that such educational interventions can significantly improve students’ preparedness for real-world co-design challenges, fostering a more inclusive and empathetic approach to design.

Human data has significant value in Data-Driven Design, offering opportunities for user-centered product and service development. This paper explores how human data, categorized into behavioral, physiological, feedback, and emotional types, contributes to problem framing, iterative refinement, customization, and emotional design. Real-world case studies from academic literature and industry demonstrate how human data enables adaptive, personalized, and emotionally engaging solutions. Ethical challenges, including privacy, bias, and transparency, are explored, highlighting the importance of responsible data practices. The analysis underscores human data’s value in combining technical precision with empathetic design, fostering innovation and enhancing user experiences while promoting ethical use through principles of privacy, consent, and inclusivity.

In this paper, we explore the relationship between divergent thinking and stakeholder identification on 15 student engineering design teams. We examine the relationship between fluency, originality, flexibility, and elaboration on the Alternate Uses Task (AUT), a common measure of divergent thinking, and in stakeholder identification. We find fluency and originality to be positively and statistically significantly correlated between the AUT and stakeholder identification task. Flexibility was positively correlated and elaboration was negatively correlated; both lacked statistical significance. Our results suggest that divergent thinking and stakeholder identification may be correlated, and leveraging exercises to improve divergent thinking may also help improve stakeholder identification. Future work can continue to explore this relationship with larger sample sizes and additional tasks.