In The Secret Life of Copyright, copyright law meets Black Lives Matter and #MeToo in a provocative examination of how our legal regime governing creative production unexpectedly perpetuates inequalities along racial, gender, and socioeconomic lines while undermining progress in the arts. Drawing on numerous case studies – Harvard’s slave daguerreotypes, celebrity sex tapes, famous Wall Street statues, beloved musicals, and dictator copyrights – the book argues that, despite their purported neutrality, key rules governing copyrights – from the authorship, derivative rights, and fair use doctrines to copyright’s First Amendment immunity – systematically disadvantage individuals from traditionally marginalized communities. Since laws regulating the use of creative content increasingly mediate participation and privilege in the digital world, The Secret Life of Copyright provides a template for a more robust copyright system that better addresses egalitarian concerns and serves the interests of creativity.

This chapter discusses more specialized examples on how machine learning can be used to solve problems in quantum sciences. We start by explaining the concept of differentiable programming and its use cases in quantum sciences. Next, we describe deep generative models, which have proven to be an extremely appealing tool for sampling from unknown target distributions in domains ranging from high-energy physics to quantum chemistry. Finally, we describe selected machine learning applications for experimental setups such as ultracold systems or quantum dots. In particular, we show how machine learning can help in tedious and repetitive experimental tasks in quantum devices or in validating quantum simulators with Hamiltonian learning.

In epidemiology, we are interested in conducting studies to measure disease occurrence and look for causes of disease. Such studies can be applied to public health, allowing us to modify the causes for disease prevention. In the previous chapters, we learned about several commonly used public health measures and routine collections of health data. They form the basis of descriptive epidemiology and enable us to describe the frequency and patterns of health-related issues in relation to person, place and time characteristics. It is important to note that descriptive studies cannot be used to establish causal relationships but are useful for generating hypotheses. These hypotheses need to be tested in analytical studies to determine whether the ‘exposure’ of interest is associated with the changes in disease morbidity or mortality to search for the possible causes of the disease.

This chapter describes the data collection strategy and multimethod research design employed to test the theory in the subsequent chapters of the book. The structure of the empirical analysis mirrors the book’s primary argument: to show how peacekeeping works from the bottom up, from the individual to the community to the country. Given that UN peacekeepers deploy to the most violent areas, the design needed to account for selection bias as well as other confounding variables in order to make causal inference possible. Using data from individual- and subnational/community-level data from Mali as well as cross-national data from the universe of multidimensional PKOs deployed in Africa, the book employs a three-part strategy to test the hypotheses in the next few chapters. First, the book considers the micro-level behavioral implications of the theory using a lab-in-the-field experiment and a survey experiment, both implemented in Mali. Second, it test whether UN peacekeepers’ ability to increase individual willingness to cooperate aggregates upward to prevent communal violence in Mali. Third, the book considers whether these findings extend to other countries.

The implicit revolution seems to have arrived with the declaration that “explicit measures are informed by and (possibly) rendered invalid by unconscious cognition.” What is the view from survey research, which has relied on explicit methodology for over a century, and whose methods have extended to the political domain in ways that have changed the landscape of politics in the United States and beyond? One survey researcher weighs in. The overwhelming evidence points to the continuing power of explicit measures to predict voting and behavior. Whether implicit measures can do the same, especially beyond what explicit measures can do, is far more ambiguous. The analysis further raises doubts, as others before have done, as to what exactly implicit measures measure, and particularly questions the co-opting among implicit researchers the word “attitude” when such measures instead represent associations. The conclusion: Keep your torches at home. There is no revolution.

The move from theory to empirics requires figuring out how to collect evidence that could support or disconfirm hypotheses derived from your theory. Empirically studying the network in your theory requires two steps: determining which nodes to include in your data and operationalizing the link type. This chapter helps a reader select the boundary that contains the nodes of interest, pointing out some subtle downsides to random sampling in network studies. It also helps readers determine whether they want to measure full networks or ego ones and offers pointers on operationalizing link types.

Students are introduced the logic, foundation, and basics of statistical inference. The need for samples is first discussed and then how samples can be used to make inferences about the larger population. The normal distribution is then discussed, along with Z-scores to illustrate basic probability and the logic of statistical significance.

Gives a brief overview of the book. Notations for signal representation in continuous time and discrete time are introduced. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals are introduced, and simple examples of images are presented. Examples of noise removal and image smoothing (filtering) are demonstrated. The concept of frequency is introduced and its importance as well as its role in signal representation are explained, giving musical notes as examples. The history of signal processing, the role of theory, and the connections to real-life applications are mentioned in an introductory way. The chapter also draws attention to the impact of signal processing in digital communications (e.g., cell-phone communications), gravity wave detection, deep space communications, and so on.

This introductory chapter sets out the aim of the project, which is to reassess the social and cultural relations between the Aegean and the Mediterranean through a new examination of some of the earliest Greek pottery finds overseas. The focus is on Protogeometric and Geometric ceramics from Greek and Phoenician colonies, certain Phoenician metropolises and further Indigenous sites in the Aegean and the Mediterranean, which were analysed by Neutron Activation. The analytical results are examined against the background of the social and economic relations that were generated through the production, exchange and consumption of the pottery finds under scrutiny.

Chapter 3 focuses on WTO disputes about anti-dumping issues. Anti-dumping or to be more specific, zeroing is the single-most litigated issue under WTO law. Although the Appellate Body has found zeroing method inconsistent with ADA several times, it is still being used with small alterations. Chapter 3 shows that the so-called jewel in the crown is sometimes ineffective. To do so, the role of the DSM in the anti-dumping issue is presented and anti-dumping cases dealing with procedural issues are analysed. The procedural issues mentioned in this chapter are as follows: calculation methods, transparency, public notice/notification, selection of investigated parties (sampling), submission of evidence and rebuttals, access to non-confidential files, hearings, newcomers and enforcement.

This chapter explores the evolution of the djent subgenre from the perspective of the musical, technological and environmental factors that have shaped its identity. The chapter considers the early circumstances of djent’s emergence during the early mid−2000s, with particular reference to the online culture which contributed to its wider transmission and proliferation. Key musical influences are also discussed, including djent’s roots in progressive metal and the work of bands such as Meshuggah and SikTh, as well as the subgenre’s interaction with electronic music aesthetics and popular music. A principal focus of the chapter is on the role of emerging digital technologies, particularly Digital Audio Workstations (DAW) and digital amplifier and drum kit modelling software, in the formation of djent’s musical and sonic characteristics. Finally, the chapter considers djent’s position as a subgenre within modern metal music and evaluates, with reference to the critical reception literature, the debates that persist concerning its legitimacy within metal.

This chapter describes how relationship scientists conduct research to answer questions about relationships. It explains all aspects of the research process, including how hypotheses are derived from theory, which study designs (e.g., experiments, cross-sectional studies, experience sampling) best suit specific research questions, how scientists can manipulate variables or measure variables with self-report, implicit, observational, or physiological measures, and what scientists consider when recruiting a sample to participate in their studies. This chapter also discusses how researchers approach questions about boundary conditions (when general trends do not apply) and mechanisms (the processes underlying their findings) and describes best practices for conducting ethical and reproducible research. Finally, this chapter includes a guide for how to read and evaluate empirical research articles.

The Introduction sets out how the number of forcibly displaced persons in the world is the highest ever recorded. Violence associated with armed conflict has become the main cause of forced displacement in the twenty-first century and most refugees are fleeing armed conflicts. Most asylum seekers in the European Union (EU) originate from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. However, there are many misconceptions whether persons fleeing armed conflicts are refugees as defined by the Refugee Convention. This book is thus an enquiry into the continued relevance of the Refugee Convention and examines the extent to which asylum appellate authorities in the EU take into account the changing nature of contemporary armed conflicts. The book also explores how the Refugee Convention may be interpreted in a manner that better responds to the changed nature of contemporary armed conflicts from a gender perspective, thus reconceptualising the concept of the refugee. The Introduction sets out the conceptual notions adopted in the book, such as the importance of distinguishing between violence and armed conflicts, the research methodology and sampling of 320 asylum appeal decisions from Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. Finally, it sets out the structure of the book.