Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a significantly disabling and difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorder. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been increasingly used in the management of OCD. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of early augmentation with low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) and continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in improving psychopathology in OCD patients.

The study design was a parallel-group, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. The study recruited 46 OCD patients who were randomly allocated to receive either LF-rTMS or cTBS (23 patients in each group) following the computer-generated random table method. All participants were rated on YBOCS, HAM-A, and HAM-D at baseline and third week and sixth weeks. These patients received a total of 15 sessions of LF-rTMS or cTBS stimulation once daily for 5 consecutive days in a week for 3 consecutive weeks over the right dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) area.

There was a statistically significant improvement in the total YBOCS score for both the LF-rTMS group and the cTBS group at the end of the third and sixth week when compared with their baseline scores. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of the improvement in the total YBOCS score, as well as the total scores for the HAM-A and HAM-D during the follow-up periods.

The study results suggest that both LF-rTMS and cTBS were equally effective in managing OCD patients as an early augmentation strategy.