Chapter 9 summarizes our theoretical expectations and empirical findings about IO exits. It outlines the implications of IO exit for international cooperation, future research, and policymaking. It also provides additional insight into IO exits that have occurred as regional conflicts have engulfed the world in recent years, exemplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The chapter analyzes how IO exits might affect international cooperation as multilateralism is being contested on several fronts. It also discusses that patterns of democratic decline and polarized domestic politics may lead the future of IO exits to be different than the past. Even while this contestation is happening, however, we show that IO exits (as well as threats and reentry) extend beyond current affairs; they have been a relatively steady occurrence over time. We conclude by arguing that despite – and sometimes because of – occasional exits, international cooperation continues through IOs and a robust set of other international institutions. We outline several exciting areas for future research that may be inspired by the findings from this book.

As the book has progressed we have drawn conclusions about the use of discourse units by L1 and L2 speakers. In this final chapter we return to consider what the research presented has shown us about the nature of short-text MDA, its strengths, weaknesses and the discoveries it has made possible. We also consider where research of this sort may go next.

The conclusion discusses the main findings of the book embedded in the latest developments related to the Covid-19 pandemic and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. It discusses the two main arguments presented in the book, provides detailed answers to research questions of the monographs and presents avenues for further research.

first briefly summarizes the key findings of the previous chapters by organizing the similarities and differences in the reading of Chinese versus English in several tables. The chapter then closes by discussing several unresolved questions about the reading of Chinese, as well as a few predictions about how these questions will influence future research on Chinese reading and reading science more generally.

In the concluding chapter, we are reaching the point of assessing what we achieved, which questions we were able to answer, and which remained unanswered. In short, time to take stock. We do so by revisiting the three foci of the book. A first section focusing on the individual as the unit of analysis; next a section positioning the contextualization of contention as focal point; followed by a section on the aftermath of contention for the individual. The final, and fourth, section of this chapter is dedicated to methodology. Here we maintain that, in order to understand contextualized contestation, we need disciplinary collaboration and comparative designs. Indeed, our main argument of the book is that more attention should be placed on what happens before and after mobilization processes, and we hoped to show how a contextualized social psychological approach, with disciplinary collaboration and relying on comparative designs, can open and develop insights into these largely untapped areas.

The final chapter examines Hensel’s own creative response in the medium of chamber music: the D minor Piano Trio, written over a decade later and (unlike the quartet) published soon after her untimely death. The trio is formally more restrained than the quartet, yet has numerous points in common. I then discuss the quartet’s modern reception since its rediscovery in the early 1980s, before outlining the bigger ‘take away’ points of this study. Hensel’s quartet points to a fascinating and almost unknown avenue of early Beethoven reception. It also shows – for better and for worse – the interaction between two prodigiously talented siblings, and how music, its internal allusions and resonances, could function as a means of intimate communication between close family and friends. This recently discovered work reveals not only the voices that were all but silenced but of paths not taken by music history, of avenues left unexplored or not fully developed.

This chapter sums up the key research findings, and concludes with recommendations for further research. The key findings concern three inter-related respects that shape the governance structure for charitable trusts – legal, administrative, and contractual. Next, based on the problems and deficiencies identified in the current legislative framework, this chapter highlights three areas where future research may be required. The first relates to the reform of governance rules concerning Chinese charitable trusts. The second area lies in the broad implications that reforms for charitable trusts may have for other institutional bodies (e.g., foundations and social associations) pursuing charitable causes in China. The third area concerns the assessment of the charitable trust model’s potential in fulfilling the state’s goal of promoting charitable undertakings.

Policy evaluation has great potential to enhance polycentric climate governance, but that potential has not yet been fully realized. This concluding chapter draws together the key contributions of the book, which not only emerge from significant theoretical development, but also from a novel empirical analysis that is the first to investigate policy evaluation in the polycentric setting of the EU, as well as in Germany and in the United Kingdom. Future research should further explore causal drivers of the emergence of policy evaluation in polycentric governance systems, and unpack the actual use of knowledge in policy-making, a difficult, but necessary area of inquiry going forward. Additional aspects of polycentric governance theory, such as the role of evaluation in building trust and generating linkages between different actors, should also be explored. The collective research and climate governance endeavor will continue—this book has offered some new directions in which the journey may advance.

In Chapter 10, we assess the broader consequences for the health of our democracy on the process of political discussion in contemporary America. We suggest that this process – while certainly not responsible for psychological forms of polarization among the mass public – certainly contributes to its perpetuation by decreasing the likelihood that Americans engage in meaningful exchange with others whose viewpoints disagree. On the one hand, it may be preferable that Americans seem to prioritize protecting their relationships, stretching the social fabric across the political divide. But there are reasons to be concerned that this process exacerbates stereotyped thinking. It appears that Americans don’t want to follow with the prescription of previous researchers who suggest that our ailments can be remedied if only we talk with knowledgeable others.

The concluding Chapter 7 answers the research questions and provides a comparative analysis of unfolding low-carbon transitions in the three focal systems. It also inductively draws conclusions about cross-cutting topics with salient differences and similarities between the three systems, including: the roles of incumbent firms, governance style and politics, users, wider publics and civil society organisations, and exogenous ‘landscape’ developments and shocks. Chapter 7 ends by discussing future low-carbon transitions, articulating policy recommendations, and offering suggestions for future research.

In this chapter we not only challenge the current views of the nature of contemporary managerial work – to one that includes a conceptualisation of management practitioners as audience members both within and beyond mass communication settings, but also contribute to bridging and extending the currently disconnected approaches to studying the impact of ideas. On the basis of these findings, the book argues that current approaches to studying the impact of management ideas need a much deeper and broader view by further integrating important aspects of flow concerning scope and agentic meaning making particularly in relation to (A) the dynamics of managerial audience activities, (B) the protracted involvement of managerial audiences, (C) the managerial audience members’ social uses of ideas and (D) the managerial audience members’ textual productivity.

In Chapter 9, the concluding chapter, we provide an overview of the main theoretical and empirical contributions. We then lay out what we see as a path forward for future research. This includes but is not limited to a need for additional research into the process by which borders settle. We offer insights into factors that influence the process but more research is needed about how that process unfolds. Second, one implication of this book is that there are multiple paths to rivalry, only one of which is explored here. The path to rivalry for those not competing over borders, or for non-neighbors, demands an alternative theory. Third, we uncover that some rivalries persist even after border settlement, even if their behavior toward each other changes. We do not yet know why these rivalries persist. Fourth, we find evidence consistent with the expectations that conflict management effectiveness vary based on the tools chosen and type of bargaining problem experienced. We discuss the implications of these findings for conflict management research, particularly as it relates to legalized dispute resolution mechanisms.

This chapter summarizes the findings from this book and develops the framework for the analysis of under-the-radar innovation and its nature, sources and impact, as well as the policy implications from the research. It argues that Africa cannot leapfrog the 4th Industrial Revolution with the under-the-radar type of innovation. Therefore, policy responses at the national and international levels are needed to address these challenges and to build an inclusive global community. Limitations of the study and areas for future research are discussed at the end of the chapter.

Chapter 9, the final chapter, concludes the manuscript. It identifies avenues for future research, and proposes that the totality of the evidence demonstrates that Muslim Americans occupy a low position in the American sociopolitical context. 

We conclude the book in Chapter 9. We begin by presenting data on the first 21.5 months of the Trump Administration and situate that information in light of our findings with regard to previous presidents as a way of bringing our empirical conclusions to life. We find that President Trump’s remarks on the Court’s cases are similar to previous presidents in many ways, but his rhetoric toward courts as institutions and lower-court judges is more vitriolic than his predecessors. We then review our key findings with regard to normative theoretical debates about judicial independence and the coordinate construction of the Constitution, and discuss their contributions to the study of the rhetorical presidency. We ultimately conclude that taking positions on Supreme Court decisions is a perfectly appropriate presidential governance strategy. We close by offering suggestions for future research on the important subject of executive-judicial relations in the US and across the globe.

The geomagnetic field supports a wide range of magnitudes, spatial scales and temporal variations. Outlined here are particular recent advances in temporal variability, stretching from geomagnetic field polarity reversals over millions of years, through secular field variations and ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves (1mHz – 5Hz), to very low frequency(VLF) emissions with frequencies in the kHz range. Long-term variations are discussed with respect to paleomagnetic, geological and archaeological records. Both external and internal fields contribute to temporal variations on decadal to daily time scales. More rapid oscillations at ULF wave frequencies associated with Sun-Earth connection contribute to weather in space. These involve the magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere system, and may affect charged/neutral particle populations. Waves are generated external and internal to the magnetosphere and through integration of global magneto-hydrodynamic or local magneto-ionic modelling with satellite and ground observations, progress has been made in understanding the dynamics of waves and energy transfer within the coupled system. Equally important to space weather is the understanding of ULF and VLF waves on energetic charged particles in the Van Allen radiation belts during geomagnetic storms.

This aim of thisis to draw together the different threads and summarise what we can learn from the chapters in this volume and also attempt to identify ways forward in both research and teaching. The conclusions I draw aim to be instructive and reflective rather than didactic. The purpose of this volume has been to investigate the potential of using literature to develop awareness of spoken language or speaking skills and, as noted, there have only been a limited number of studies in this area. These findings then need to be developed by other researchers or taken forward and adapted by teachers in their own contexts. Despite these caveats, I feel there are some useful conclusions we can draw from the chapters presented.

This chapter takes the following form: it first lists and discusses five implications for teaching and then five for research. As each implication is discussed, explicit reference will be made to the chapters in this book and their findings, and it is hoped that these implications provide suggestions for teaching and research.