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1 results

  • Chapter 13 - Ictal Patterns (Electrographic Seizures)

  • from Part II - Interpretation
  • Neville M. Jadeja, UMass Chan Medical School
  • Book:
    How to Read an EEG
    Published online:
    27 September 2025
    Print publication:
    24 July 2025, pp 191-207

  • Summary

    Ictal patterns represent ongoing electrographic seizures. They are recognized by their clinical accompaniments, which may be subtle and their electrographic features. Evolution is the hallmark of an ictal pattern. “Plus” terms also render a pattern to be more ictal in appearance. Typically, electrographic seizures have a clear evolution between onset and offset and a duration of 10 seconds or more. They are common in critically ill patients and are diagnosed on continuous EEG monitoring. Brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges (BIRDs) are asymptomatic short duration (less than 10 seconds) patterns strongly associated with epileptic seizures. [101 words/619 characters]