This chapter examines the intended and unintended consequences of American hierarchy on partner states. It analyzes the impact of increased state capacity resulting from American economic hierarchy on civil conflict, human rights, democratization, and inequality. The results suggest that economic hierarchy reduces conflict, human rights abuses, and promotes democracy primarily through direct effects rather than via increased state capacity. However, both economic and security hierarchy exacerbate political inequalities. The chapter highlights the complex implications of American hierarchy.

Kant varies Constant’s example to the effect that a lie, not a truthful reply, will by accident help the murderer to find and kill his victim. He argues that the liar can be held legally accountable for violating the formal duty of truthfulness in that case, whereas a lie that does no harm is not punishable as such. This chapter explains the theory of imputation of actions and their consequences that underpins these judgements, along with the notion of moral luck (coincidence, accident) and the distinction between ‘harm’ and ‘wrong’.

Chapter 4 outlines and tests our argument about the consequences of IO withdrawal for exiting states. We argue that there should be negative reputational and cooperative consequences for withdrawing states because IOs operate as hand-tying, credible commitment devices. International actors might regard withdrawal as backing out of a commitment and a signal that decouples the state from a self-chosen “in-group.” Thus, international actors – such as market analysts and other states – may reduce their trust that a withdrawing state will follow through on other commitments. As evidence, we document that withdrawal is associated with worsened perceptions of political risk and investor confidence. We document how the negative reputational consequences vary based on states’ and IOs’ preexisting reputations. We also show that withdrawal reduces the chance of being elected to the UNSC as a non-permanent member and makes states less likely to sign future treaties with the exiting state. We expect the material consequences of withdrawal to be limited due to strategic selection, substitution, and potential gains. We test these arguments on economic IOs because they represent more than half of all IOs and they can be evaluated consistently. We find that withdrawing states on average suffer limited material consequences.

Chapter 7 details and tests our argument about the consequences of IO suspension. We argue that suspension can lead to negative reputational and cooperative consequences because suspension acts as a heuristic for international actors that the state has violated an international commitment. Suspension sends a signal that the state has been ostracized from a peer club, which removes the seal of approval that comes from membership. Suspension can also make it easier for other international actors to implement sanctions that might otherwise be hampered by collective action or legitimacy challenges. We test our expectations about the consequences of suspension by analyzing 71 IO suspensions for political backsliding from democratically committed IOs but also show some effects for the full set of 101 suspensions from all IOs. We show that ousted states incur reputational harm: This worsened perceptions of political stability and investor confidence scores. We also show that suspended states incur negative cooperative consequences: They have a lower chance of being elected as a non-permanent member in the UNSCand suspension facilitates subsequent sanctions by other international actors. Some suspended states use rhetoric to reject and counter stigmatization, and preemptively withdraw to frame the narrative in their favor. The analyses also show that domestic institutional change following suspension is usually shallow.

This final chapter turns to the other basic question that MacCormick asked himself, again exploring it for over four decades: is reason practical, and if so how? MacCormick engaged in this question in the form of a life-long dialogue with his Enlightenment predecessors, and especially Stair, Hume, Smith, and Kant. This chapter tracks this dialogue, while also keeping in mind the contemporary interlocutors of MacCormick’s theory of practical reason, which included not only the dominant voices in Anglo–American jurisprudence, such as Hart and Dworkin, but also philosophers in the European Continent, such as Perelman and Alexy. The first part of the chapter focuses on what may be called MacCormick’s meta-ethics, showing how MacCormick adopted perspectivalism about value. The second shows how, particularly in his theory of legal reasoning, MacCormick discusses the importance of constructing an inter-subjective space (via universalisation) and how he explores the complexity of deliberation as well as the defeasibility of decision within that space. Throughout, the chapter reads MacCormick’s account of the limited practicality of reason as a matter of character.

Insomnia is common, affecting approximately 10% of the population. In addition to night-time sleep difficulties, insomnia disorder requires the presence of concomitant daytime impacts, making it a 24-hour problem. It is not surprising, therefore, that insomnia disorder is associated with significant impacts to quality of life and economic costs. Many patients with insomnia also have comorbid physical and/or mental health disorders, and sometimes also other sleep disorders. This chapter reviews the key features, prevalence, and consequences of insomnia disorder, and provides background information to aid clinicians as they begin to think about formulating treatment approaches.

Econometricians develop and use methods and techniques to model economic behavior, create forecasts, to do policy evaluation, and to develop scenarios. Often, this ends up in advice. This advice can relate to a prediction for the future or for another sector or country, it can be a judgment on whether a policy measure was successful or not, or suggest a possible range of futures. Econometricians (must) make choices that can often only be understood by fellow econometricians. A key claim in this book is that it is important to be clear on those choices. This introductory chapter briefly describes the contents of all following chapters.

The victim of a tort can generally claim compensatory damages for any loss suffered as a result of the tort. The assessment of such damages and the attribution of responsibility for such loss are generally governed by the rules discussed in Chs 2 to 4 for civil wrongs in general. Specific rules for tort are discussed in this chapter: the assessment of damages and the attribution of responsibility. The assessment of compensatory damages for personal injury, which are usually claimed in tort, is discussed.

This chapter explores the consequences of the extensive influence campaign mounted by Russia and its proxies during the Russian–Ukrainian war. It focuses on the extent to which the media discourse that emanated from the Donbas ‘Republics’ and Russia about the Euromaidan revolution, the Donbas War, the ‘Kyiv regime’, and the 2022 invasion resulted in shifts in terms of how people in Donbas and Ukraine felt about themselves. Years of sustained effort to portray Ukraine as a pro-fascist country with a US-installed puppet government were at least somewhat successful at fostering stronger anti-Ukrainian sentiments within Russia, and to an extent among Ukrainians in the Donbas ‘Republics’. This success has expressed itself as continued and sustained support among Russians for the invasion of Ukraine. However, in Ukraine itself (and especially among Russian-speaking Ukrainians), this propaganda campaign backfired, and instead contributed to a consolidation of Ukrainian identity, which became stronger than ever before.

Exploring Consequences, the fourth Decision-Maker Move, is about understanding what will happen as the result of selecting any of the various options. Or rather, what is most likely to happen. Keep in mind, both uncertainty (about what occurs) and luck (either good or bad) often play a part in how things actually turn out. Study and do well on the exam, knowing that spending the evening studying won’t be much fun. Don’t study and probably do poorly on the exam but have a good time for a few hours the night before. It’s all about the consequences. Eat the fruit salad or soup special for lunch, feel great in the afternoon and get a lot done. Choose the huge burger and a double order of fries, feel sleepy and get less done the rest of the day. Consequences follow from the choices we make.

This personal chapter reflects the experience and observations of a clinical and forensic psychologist that has treated victims and worked in the legal system for decades. The chapter describes the myriad of decisions and barriers victims face when reporting and the unanticipated consequences of reporting.

Chapter 2 explores the potential positive and negative characteristics of dyslexia in adulthood. It will discuss a framework for understanding dyslexia in terms of the impact of biology and cognition, as well as the environment. This is linked to the key elements discussed in chapter 1, providing a basis for understanding the impact that dyslexia can have on learning and performance both in education and the workplace, and how these can interact: poor qualifications restricting access to employment. The aim is to provide an explanation for challenges that many with dyslexia faces and how these may impact on employment, as well as on confidence and self-esteem. It will also highlight the potential strengths that a dyslexic individual can bring to work performance and daily life. As part of this discussion, a profile of skills/abilities is also presented. This includes many of the tests that comprise a typical dyslexia diagnosis, which can form the basis for understanding such assessments. The aim is that, by the end of this chapter, the reader will have a good foundation in understanding adult dyslexia, its potential consequences and some possible solutions to those challenges.

1 Introduction

2 History of Research on Cyberbullying

3 Risk and Protective Factors for Cyberbullying

4 Consequences of Cyberbullying

5 Effective Interventions against Cyberbullying

6 Conclusions

7 Future Directions

The Comprehensive Behavioral (ComB) conceptual model is introduced in this chapter. Here, three phases of BFRB behaviors: Preparatory behaviors, pulling or picking behaviors, and post-removal behaviors are detailed. The functional assessment of individual BFRB practices is emphasized, in which antecedent variables, both internal and external to the individual are described, as are possible consequences of pulling, both of which impact on the performance and perpetuation of BFRB activity. Identification and description of antecedent and consequential variables (sensory, cognitive, affective, and motor) emphasize the complexity and heterogeneity of internally experienced BFRB experiences that impact on BFRB persistence. The ComB conceptual framework described here sets the stage for ComB-based clinical interventions introduced in later chapters.

Ishiguro’s protagonists are notable for their resolution. It is precisely this quality that leads characters such as Ono in An Artist of the Floating World, Stevens in Remains of the Day, Christopher Banks in When We Were Orphans, and Kathy H in Never Let Me Go to make life-defining but ethically dubious decisions. In this sense, irresolution can be seen, paradoxically and not unproblematically, as a key Ishigurian virtue. Indeed, irresolution inheres in Ishiguro’s novels in terms of narrative form as well as ethics and theme: rather than offering epiphany, consolation, redemption, or any final hermeneutic closure or disclosure, the novels are insistent, resolute in their tendency towards thematic, ethical, and structural irresolution. At the same time, however, the desire for resolution is shown to be an understandable one, and to underlie the characters’ efforts to make meaning from the worlds and situations in which they find themselves.