AI is becoming an important part of complex products and systems (CoPS), transforming them into complex intelligent systems (CoIS), on which our society depends. Traditionally, system development relied on model-based approaches, and the emerging data-driven approaches offer new possibilities. This paper explores the intertwining of model-based and data-driven approaches in emerging CoIS through a comparative case study of their role in cloud-based automotive systems, which are part of the transportation system. The findings show that data-driven approaches not only complement model-based approaches but also play a pivotal role in the evolution of CoIS.
