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The context in which health professionals help people has evolved: as evidence-based technologies are implemented to improve patient and consumer health outcomes, new roles, tasks, responsibilities and accountabilities develop as a consequence. The health industry is challenged with fundamental change, not only forcing health professionals to acquire new skills continuously, but also to contribute towards changing the environments in which health services are delivered. Demands on the individual have also changed, including the need for the individual to actively participate and plan their personal development.
This chapter introduces the world of change management. Firstly, it sets out the case for change – why change management matters – then looks at the theories concerning individual and organisational change. Finally, the role of the professional change manager is discussed.
This paper presents a descriptive analysis of common data collected across 11 independent studies in the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN) from 2019 to 2024, focusing on participant demographics and participation in training programs prior to NRMN.
Methods:
Analyses focused on data from 6,197 survey responses collected primarily at baseline. Descriptive analyses examined participants’ demographic characteristics (gender, combined race/ethnicity, disability, parent/guardian education, and career stage) and participation in training programs prior to NRMN.
Results:
The majority of respondents were female (70%). Most respondents identified as White (46%), Black (23%), Asian (18%), and Hispanic (17%). Most respondents (91%) did not report a disability. In terms of career stage, 55% were undergraduates. Sixty-three percent reported that their parent or guardian had completed a bachelor’s degree. Regarding participation in training programs prior to NRMN, 60% had participated in mentor training, and 62% reported involvement in research training activities such as workshops, field experiences, and conferences. Patterns of participation in prior mentorship or research program varied across demographic characteristics.
Conclusions:
The NRMN common data reveal the backgrounds of over 6,000 participants engaged in mentorship intervention studies across the biomedical workforce. The dataset includes participants from diverse demographics and career stages with varying levels of participation in prior mentor training and exposure to research training programs. This extensive dataset provides a valuable opportunity to explore the long-term impact of mentorship on the biomedical workforce in future research.
Complex, knowledge-intensive projects present challenges in terms of defining the work and determining roles. Time pressure makes these challenges more acute. External leadership can provide necessary direction and shape, giving the work a clear focus guiding the team’s efforts. With hackathons and rapid product prototyping more feasible than they ever have been, collaborations that fast-track innovation by drawing together teams of unfamiliar experts are more common than ever.
Method
Drawing on the process perspective on creative action, we seek to understand the generation of new ideas and solutions when teams are working within an extremely brief time frame of one week. The influence of mentors on these interactions has received limited attention. We fill this gap through a study of fifteen case teams who participated in a week-long boot camp where they generated proposals for public health studies, guided by mentors who were experts in the field. The teams’ proposals were evaluated by independent panels, and the evaluations provided metrics for team success.
Results
Our results suggest that even in short-term teams, the timing of mentor interventions is critical to team success.
Mentorship is a vital part of the training provided in the K and T programs funded by the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA). However, the inputs, indicators, and outcomes associated with a successful mentoring relationship remain poorly understood. In this review, we critically examine the current body of literature on mentorship in a CTSA context. We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature for relevant research articles. We included articles that were contextualized within a CTSA hub, examined a mentorship program, and conducted evaluation research. Through an initial search of online databases and by reviewing reference sections of relevant articles, we identified 141 potentially relevant articles. Twenty-five of these articles met our inclusion criteria. We identified three categories of research: nationwide institutional surveys of CTSA mentorship programs, mentored research training programs, and mentor training programs. While the findings highlighted the effectiveness of mentor training and mentored training programs, there is a notable lack of assessment of mentoring inputs and indicators. Based on our review, we propose a model for the evaluation of CTSA mentorship that includes measurable inputs, indicators, and outcomes. This model provides a holistic framework for evaluators and CTSA program directors to better understand their mentorship programs.
Determine the feasibility of implementing a facility-based breastfeeding counselling (BFC) mentorship program and its effect on mentee confidence and client perceptions of breastfeeding counselling.
Setting:
Mbagathi County Referral Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya
Participants:
Health facility management, health workers (21 mentees and seven mentors), 120 pregnant women in the third trimester who attended an antenatal care appointment at Mbagathi Hospital and reported receiving BFC during a visit in the 2 weeks prior, and 120 postpartum women in the postnatal care ward who delivered a full-term infant and reported receiving breastfeeding counselling.
Design:
Mixed methods study incorporating online surveys, client exit interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The 4-month intervention involved facility-wide orientations, selection and training of mentors, assigning mentees to mentors, and implementing mentorship activities.
Results:
The program successfully maintained 90.5% mentee retention (19/21) over four months. At baseline, mentees demonstrated high knowledge (94% questions answered correctly) which was maintained at endline (92%). Mentees showed significant improvement in confidence counselling on breastfeeding and infant feeding (67% at baseline vs. 95% at endline, p=0.014). The percentage of ANC clients who felt BFC gave them more knowledge increased from 73% to 97% (p<0.001). Among PNC clients, those reporting friendly treatment increased from 89% to 100% (p=0.007), verbal mistreatment declined from 7% to 0% (p=0.044), and those feeling discriminated decreased from 11% to 2% (p=0.03). Key enablers included administrative support, structured mentorship tools, and peer learning communities. Implementation barriers included scheduling conflicts, staff shortages, and high patient volumes.
Conclusions:
BFC mentorship was feasible in this setting and was associated with improved health worker confidence in BFC. The program can be successfully implemented with supportive facility leadership, well-matched mentors and mentees, and adaptable mentorship approaches.
The interpersonal and relational dimensions of mentoring have been identified as critical components of effective mentorship. However, no scale currently exists to assess this specific aspect of the relationship. This study introduces a new instrument, the mentorship working alliance (MWA) – mentee version, and presents initial evidence supporting its validity in evaluating the interpersonal elements of mentoring relationships.
Methods:
Through a series of pilot tests and revisions, we developed a 12-item scale that assesses two dimensions of the MWA: relational quality (6 items), which captures how a mentee feels about the relationship, and relational effectiveness (6 items), which reflects the mentee’s perception of their mentor’s actions in facilitating or advancing the working relationship. To evaluate the scale’s construct validity and reliability, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency reliability analysis on a sample of 345 graduate students.
Results:
CFA provided evidence for the validity of the two-dimensional MWA scale, which assesses relational quality and relational effectiveness, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.96 and 0.89, respectively. All parameter estimates for individual items were significant, with standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.66 to .83.
Conclusions:
The MWA scale – mentee version enables researchers to assess the interpersonal dimensions of mentoring relationships, offering valuable insights into the components of effective mentorship. By introducing this scale, we pave the way for further investigation into how mentorship interventions influence the MWA, thereby enhancing the overall quality of mentoring experiences. Additionally, we offer recommendations for future studies.
Mentorship is one of the most important facets of new legal practice, and the importance of mentorship is elevated in rural areas where there are few mentors available. This chapter considers how new rural lawyers obtained mentorship and discusses particular challenges of mentorship for solo practitioners, in satellite offices, and in law firm offices. Relying on interviews from both mentors and mentees, this chapter makes clear the importance of good mentorship.
The potential for physicians, clinicians, and health professionals to contribute to the advancement of medical therapies through clinical research is significant. Yet, a lack of exposure to, or practical training in, the conduct of clinical research can inhibit health profession trainees from considering research careers, thus perpetuating the already limited influx of new talent. To enhance the sustainability of career pathways into research for all trainees, including those from traditionally underrepresented communities, trainees must experience early exposure to research concepts through robust training and hands-on opportunities. In 2015, the Duke Office of Clinical Research created a Research Immersion elective for Duke’s Master in Biomedical Sciences program, which prepares students for additional health professional training. The course trained students through didactic and practical experiences, with a unique interprofessional mentorship team including both principal investigator and clinical research professional mentors. Following eight cohorts of iterative course optimization, students’ confidence increased in all 24 research competencies assessed. A cross-sectional analysis of post-course outcomes in May 2024 revealed 40.4% of students had continued in research after the program and 60.6% had continued their health professions education. We attributed this success to applied learning and clear expectations and guidelines to support the mentor-student relationship.
This chapter chronicles a career spent at the intersection of micro and macro forces in development. Macro forces such as public policy or ideology intersect with individual developmental trajectories in mutually constitutive ways in my research – across topics such as immigration, poverty reduction policy, and forced displacement. I intertwine narrating the development of these themes in my career with a more personal narrative of how micro interactions in my life (particularly with mentors across psychology, anthropology, and economics) intersected with macro policy and societal change across the last three decades.
South Africa has seen a surge in child offending. Child offenders commit violent crimes such as armed robbery, housebreaking, rape and murder. Conversely, not all child offenders commit violent crimes. Many child offenders are detained for minor charges such as shoplifting, theft and possession of illegal substances. Most of these children face numerous levels of adversity, including poverty, dysfunctional households and limited parental involvement. Responses to child criminal behaviour accentuate rehabilitation through measures such as diversion. Narrative accounts of children in conflict with the law who underwent mentorship programmes, as a diversion initiative, are scarce and underrepresented. Through a qualitative inquiry, 13 children who completed the National Youth Development Outreach (NYDO) Centre’s Mentoring Diversion Programme were interviewed and data were analysed thematically. Findings provided insight into the participants’ background and context, the mentor–mentee relationship, responsibility, effectiveness of the programme, and aftercare support. This paper contributes to scientific research and is conducive to curtailing child offending.
Research is needed to improve the performance of primary health care. In Africa, few family physicians conduct research, and therefore an online research training and mentorship programme was developed to build research capacity amongst novice and early career researchers.
Aim:
To evaluate the implementation of the AfriWon Research Collaborative (ARC) training and e-mentorship programme in sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods:
A 10-module online curriculum was supported by peer and faculty e-mentorship, to mentor participants in writing a research protocol. A convergent mixed methods study combined quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate nine implementation outcomes.
Findings:
Fifty-three participants (20 mentees, 19 peer mentors, and 14 faculty mentors), mostly male (70%), participated in the ARC online programme. The programme was seen as an acceptable and appropriate initiative. Mentees were mostly postgraduate students from African countries. Faculty mentors were mostly experienced researchers from outside of Africa. There were issues with team selection, orientation, communication, and role clarification. Only 35% of the mentees completed the programme. Alignment of mentoring in teams and engagement with the online learning materials was an issue. Costs were relatively modest and dependent on donor funds.
Conclusion:
Despite many challenges, the majority of participants supported the sustainability of the programme. The evaluation highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the ARC programme and e-mentoring. The ARC working group needed to ensure better organization and leadership of the teams. Going forward the programme should focus more on developing peer mentors and local supervisory capacity as well as the mentees.
World-renowned New Theatre Quarterly celebrates its fifty years of publication and its 200th issue, this being the last under the editorship of Maria Shevtsova. Simon Trussler, founder of Theatre Quarterly in 1971 (which closed for lack of funding in 1981) always considered New Theatre Quarterly, established with Cambridge University Press in 1985 – and with Clive Barker as co-editor – to be simply a continuation of TQ. Maria Shevtsova fully agreed. Forty issues of TQ, combined with one hundred and sixty editions of NTQ, gives the magic figure 200. The logistics of things, however, means that the number 160 appears on the cover of the present issue (the ‘New’ in New Theatre Quarterly standing for the newly resurgent journal on the back of its predecessor). This present issue also celebrates Maria Shevtsova’s twenty years of co-editorship with Simon Trussler, together with five more years of sole editorship of the journal following his death in 2019 (commemorated in NTQ 142, May 2020; see also their respective editorials, ‘One Hundred Issues and After’, in NTQ 100, November 2009).
Twenty-five years of absolute commitment and tireless work call for recognition and thanks. Assistant editor Philippa Burt here discusses with Shevtsova her vision for the journal, and how her scholarship, research, teaching, as well as her numerous academic and outreach activities in multiple media, connected with her editorial commitment. This conversation took place on 19 June 2024.
Balancing on a tightrope twenty feet above the ground is outside the comfort zones of many health law professors. Being there forces you to consider in new ways yourself, your skills, and your surroundings. Fears arise, and yet you must still act. And you must trust that the person who offered you this opportunity cared about you and your well-being, and that they would ensure there was a way to get from where you began to the other side.
I applied to law school as a means to an end. To “fix the system,” to make a difference, to advocate for meaningful change that improves health and well-being of others. Charity Scott accomplished, in her academic career, what I have not. At least thus far, I have chosen to follow a different path, dipping in and out of my original mission. Charity, by contrast, was focused and centered, never deviating from her integrity, purpose, kindness, advocacy, and brilliance. She gracefully married the intellectual enterprise of legal education with an unwavering mission to improve individual lives — of students, colleagues, clients, practitioners, and public servants. She was among pioneers in the health law field. She pioneered the medical-legal partnership model. She made a difference.
The Advancing the Science of Mentorship: Future Directions for Sustainable Implementation and Evaluation of Mentorship Education for the Clinical and Translational Science Workforce conference was held in Madison, Wisconsin, in April 2023. The conference provided an engaging and scholarly forum for clinical and translational researchers from diverse backgrounds and career stages (including leaders at Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) hubs and affiliated institutions) with a professional interest and commitment to improving and diversifying workforce development and fostering a climate of inclusive excellence through best practices in mentorship. Outcomes from the conference include an online resource and a new Community of Practice.
The hidden curriculum (HC), or implicit norms and values within a field or institution, affects faculty at all career stages. This study surveyed affiliates of a junior faculty training program (n = 12) to assess the importance of HC topics for junior faculty, mentors, and institutional leaders. For non-diverse junior faculty and their mentors, work-life balance, research logistics, and resilience were key HC topics. Coping with bias and assertive communication were emphasized for diverse junior faculty and mentors. Institutional norms and vision were essential for leaders, while networking was important for all groups. Future research should explore HC needs and potential interventions.
Translational research (TR) is the movement of fundamental scientific discoveries into healthcare settings and population health policy, and parallels the goals of DOHaD research. Unfortunately, there is little guidance on how to become a translational researcher. To understand the opinions of DOHaD trainees towards TR, we conducted a workshop at the DOHaD World Congress 2022. We found that trainees were enthusiastic for their work to have translational impact, and that they feel that holistic, multidisciplinary solutions may lead to more generalisable research. However, there lacks support for TR career pathways, which may stall the execution of the long-term vision of the DOHaD agenda. We put forward recommendations for trainees to clarify their purpose in pursuing TR and for seeking relevant people and patronages to support their training paths. For mentors, training institutions, and scientific societies, we recommend developing TR-specific programmes, and implementing training opportunities, networking events, and funding to support these endeavours.
While most of the chapters focus on a single resilience factor, many of the people we interviewed used more than one factor while coping with very challenging situations in their lives. You will see several examples of activities that combine many resilience factors, including volunteerism, athletic competition, and having a “survivor mission.” You will also hear compelling examples of resilience in parenting and organizational leadership, including insights that came out of the COVID-19 pandemic. Toward the end of the chapter we give the following advice: in training yourself or others to be resilient, start small and build on successes.