Interests, desires, and appropriations by modernist theatre practitioners of aspects and materialities of other cultures for the renovation of their theatre traditions cohered under the term ‘orientalism’. Later twentieth-century postmodernist theatre practitioners revived the practice in a largely postcolonial world, but under the umbrella term ‘interculturalism’. Using the tenets of postmodern theories (simulations and bricolages) or the principles of rituals from traditional cultures, intercultural theatre thrived in a globalised world. While globalised culture came under critique for appropriation and exploitation, early twenty-first-century scholars sought to revive interest in the study of otherness in theatre but operated again under such new terminology as ‘interweaving performance cultures’ and new interculturalism from below. Simultaneously, scholars from the Global South and from Asia further contested West/East axes of intercultural borrowing and theorising as well as the trajectory of western-centric modernism. This chapter traces those trajectories and their histories.

Chapter 4 situates the beginnings of extroverted financialisation at the time when US banks started to dominate the Eurodollar markets from the 1960s onwards. The Euromarkets are an important turning point for financialisation, but their impacts on European finance are rarely examined. During this time, however, German banks had their first contact with new US innovations, which fundamentally links the German post-WWII political economy with global offshore markets, significantly before the 1990s, when many accounts date the impact of financial globalisation. Identifying a gap of international funding for its developing export sector, this chapter shows that the making of the German coordinated market economy was already bound up with global financial markets. Tracing the financial innovations of German banks, this chapter argues that the transformative impact of US finance is not market expansion or regulatory evasion by going offshore per se. Instead, financialisation has posed distinct imperatives in relation to the rise of liability management that induced a qualitative change. Liability management fundamentally differs from the German banks’ original international strategies, which drove the banks' turn to the Eurodollar markets in order to meet the US challenge.

This chapter maps out the trajectory of British postmodern fiction in three specific phases: a gradual emergence characterised by slowly increasing textual experimentation in the 1960s and 1970s; a second phase notable for a high level of fictional critique of the political and economic order in the 1980s and 1990s; and a third period in the early twenty-first century, by which point both the techniques and ideas associated with postmodern literature had become so commonplace that they could no longer be considered critically oppositional. In identifying these phases, the chapter departs from Fredric Jameson’s famous suggestion that postmodernism embodies the cultural logic of late capitalism and is therefore completely unable to generate any effective criticism of the dominant ideology of global capitalist societies and shows that at its height British postmodern fiction constituted a genuinely critical form of writing with regard to that ideology.

This introductory chapter first outlines the aims and history of the international project on Core Concepts in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. The aims have been inspired by the increasing globalisation of criminal law and criminal justice, which has led to a growing desire to develop common approaches to common problems and to learn from the diversity of current practice in different countries. This has been reinforced by the internationalisation of criminal justice in international and mixed criminal tribunals. There is now a need to engage in a multi-jurisdictional and comparative conceptual analysis not provided by previous comparative projects, which typically focus on specific topics or issues. The chapter then provides an overview of the chapters in the volume, each of which aims to uncover underlying commonalities and differences, and to explore the scope for constructive assimilation or reform. Finally, the chapter comments on plans for the future.

In the 1990s, privatisations, globalisation, and the ICT revolution opened up the British economy. This chapter examines how CEOs took advantage of these opportunities. Privatisation of national industries meant CEOs such as George Jefferson of BT now led some of Britain’s largest companies. Jefferson and his successors ensured their pay increased significantly. The average pay of CEOs rose rapidly, becoming a fixture of media debates, making the likes of Cedric Brown of British Gas a cause célébre. British CEOs finally underwent a managerial revolution in terms of education levels and training, but did increased pay correspond with improved corporate performance? In banking, pay rose for the likes of Fred Goodwin of RBS, and James Crosby and Andy Hornby of HBOS. But these CEOs all played leading roles in the collapse of their banks in 2008. The chapter shows how the Cadbury Report sought to rein in CEO excesses, but with limited effect. Governance problems were exacerbated as CEOs got younger and their tenures shorter, further incentivising short-term thinking. Women finally entered the role of CEO with Marjorie Scardino of Pearson and Cynthia Carroll at Anglo American.

Embodied movement within and across national borders has been increasing. Prompted by intensifying local–global unsettling, it has led to a series of tensions concerning the way even the most supposedly cosmopolitan of countries now treat the refugees and migrants. Those who seek refuge have become a problem. In this conflict-ridden world in which the displacement has become endemic – and in this mediated world where the hope of finding a better place to live is held out as part of the dominant global imaginary – countries across the globe are now attempting to manage the global flow of non-citizens. Here the visceral immediacy of human needs and hopes is confronted by the abstracting machinery of state surveillance and management. This chapter explores the tensions between the continuing embodied movement of those who seek refuge and the intensifying abstraction of state engagement with those persons. The chapter takes three liberal democracies as its focus – Australia, Canada, and the United States. These are settler colonial countries which we might expect to be cosmopolitan and welcoming. The history of refugee reception is, however, a movement away from that sensibility.

The intense search for security has, over the past half-century, become increasingly contradictory in the context of the current global unsettling. The techno-scientific search for increased security is now generating circles of increasing insecurity. This chapter is concerned to understand the foundational unsettling of that world space and its consequences for human security in general, including increasing ontological insecurity. The earliest and most dramatic example of this process is the nuclear revolution. With the dropping of the atomic bomb on civilians towards the end of World War II, the search for an ultimate weapon of mass destruction that would end the war created the conditions for escalating insecurity. The chapter documents elements of this process but, more importantly, seeks to broaden the usual emphasis, drawing the mechanics of military security into encompassing questions of human security (see also Chapter 8 on human security). The chapter draws parallels between the areas of nuclear security, anti-terrorist security, drone assassinations, and biosecurity to document the unsettling of the meaning and practice of contemporary global attempts to securitise.

This chapter brings the book to a close by reflecting the complexity of contemporary local–global relations, focusing on questions of positive relationality, sustainability, productivity, and vitality. It responds to the compounding crisis of our time, a manifold crisis which encompasses processes of ecological, economic, political, and cultural unsettling. The argument presented here is that a manifesto for positive local–global relations needs to confront the contemporary human condition in all its interconnected crises and wonders. It needs to be able to project into the future as well as provide guidance for present activities. And it needs to remain a heuristic and negotiable framework for continuing dialogue over principles rather be fixed as a set of edicts or targets. Rather than providing a blueprint for change, the chapter presents manifesto making as a method. Nevertheless, it presents a series of fundamental principles that are suggestive for rethinking the present human condition.

Global patterns of political violence and war have changed across the course of the twentieth into the twenty-first century. We have seen the decline of inter-state wars – Ukraine being a testing exception – and the emergence of localised transnational conflict. At the same time, modern reconciliation processes have been globalised with a particular institutional form, usually conducted under the auspices of a nation-state. This chapter examines the mismatch between these forms. It asks whether a nation-based approach can adequately respond to local–global violence. It argues not for replacing national forums of reconciliation but for reframing them in terms of a new emphasis on global–local reconciliation forums. This will entail an understanding of the way in which contemporary social life is lived across different levels of integration and spatial extension. It requires a recognition that in the contemporary world we are seeing the continuing clash of ontologically different ways of life – customary, traditional, modern, and postmodern – and that this needs a different kind of cultural and political sensitivity than that offered by modern juridical proceduralism.

This chapter defines and juxtaposes some basic concepts: culture, globalisation, and development. Its point of departure is an apparently simple question. How under conditions of manifold crisis is it possible to define positive human development, particularly in relation to critical issues of contemporary social life? These include crises of cultural meaning, political dialogue, economic stability, and ecological sustainability. This question leads us down into an extraordinary labyrinth that we need first to traverse in order to see the glimmerings of a viable alternative. Other concepts overshadow the present discussion. These are ill-defined concepts, such as ‘the economy’, ‘freedom’, ‘progress’, and ‘security’ that once concerned us but have since become naturalised as central to the language of political life. They are creatures of foundational ambivalence, promising much and delivering the world as we now know it in all its glory and degrading chaos. Concepts make little difference in themselves, of course, but they do have material consequences in the context of the patterned practices of talking, negotiating, censoring, shouting, lying, and dissembling.

Increased globalisation and the resulting ever-increasing diversity in society and workplaces lead us to one of the most interesting and challenging topics in business: intercultural communication. More people than ever are moving around the world to access jobs, try new lifestyles and explore different life opportunities. The possibility of finding yourself in an unfamiliar cultural context is highly likely. You may have already had the opportunity to meet and work with people from other cultures. Skills in managing intercultural relationships and predicting and managing intercultural issues are indispensable for a business professional. Business trips abroad, the internationalisation of industries, and globalisation are integral to the operation of many organisations.

By purpose and design The Cambridge History of International Law is situated at the forefront of the drive towards more global perspectives on the history of international law. This chapter accounts for the foundational choices and general architecture of the series. It does so by, first, surveying the broad outline of the evolution of the historiography of international law as an academic discipline since its first emergence in the latter half of the nineteenth century in terms of gradually overcoming the many self-imposed epistemological and mental constraints of the traditional state-centric and Eurocentric historiography. Second, the chapter assesses current methodological debates among historians of international law hailing from different disciplines – primarily law and history – within the broader contexts of general legal-history debates. The third section of the chapter indicates how the architecture of the series is purported to advance the agenda of the globalisation of the field, through a focus on the diverse histories of international law in various regions of the world.