Results from studies on brain activity in situations of hypoxia, application of anesthetics and other psychoactive drugs, epileptic seizures, electrical stimulation of brain areas, lucid dreams, and dream-like hallucinations of several geneses have shown that the reports of people who had perceptions and experiences related to these situations showed strong accordance with NDE reports. NDE themes can be reproduced experimentally, often in a predictable way. Such contexts and situations can be used as scientifically appropriate models for NDE release. Knowledge about and control of brain activation during the occurrence of NDE-like phenomena can be essential for understanding their generation.

National narcotics agencies are a feature of law enforcement for drug crimes worldwide. They exist in most Southeast Asian nations that retain the death penalty for drug offences, including in Indonesia (Badan Narkotika Nasional); Singapore (Central Narcotics Board); Thailand (Narcotics Control Board); and Malaysia (Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan). This chapter undertakes a comparative study of national narcotics agencies in Southeast Asia. Each of the aforementioned four agencies plays an outsize role in shaping both public opinion and government policy on the death penalty for drugs and on punitive responses to non-capital drug crimes more generally. Previous NGO reports and academic studies on Southeast Asian drug policy have failed to consider the institutional dimensions of drug control: this chapter aims to rectify this particular gap in the literature. Comparing relevant institutions across the region, this chapter accounts for organisational similarities and differences, explores the relationship between anti-drugs and other state institutions, and suggests modest policy recommendations.

The Singapore Government is well known for its stout defence of the use of capital punishment in the face of international criticism. It recently released studies to support claims of its effective deterrence against drug offending. However, domestic support for the death penalty, evidence for its effectiveness in controlling drug offences, and case law on capital drug offences are more nuanced than what appears at first sight. This chapter examines recent social, political, judicial, and regional developments, which may shape Singapore’s future death penalty policy and practice for drug offences.

This chapter covers the complex topics of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics, core topics for anaesthetic exams and for practising anaesthetists. This includes route of drug administration, bioavailability, metabolism and elimination. We discuss one, two and three-compartment modelling for total intravenous anaesthesia including target-controlled infusion models. Pharmacodynamics covers drug-receptor interactions and their mechanism of action. This extends to drug isomerism, agonism and antagonism, and pharmacogenetics.

• Drug use is common. It is estimated that one in ten people in the UK have tried an illegal psychoactive drug in the last year.

• Young people use more drugs than any other age group, many by their mid-teens.

• Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal psychoactive drug.

• People use psychoactive drugs to change the way they feel.

• Psychoactive drug use can result in new feelings that would otherwise be hard to experience, or take away unwanted feelings. To feel good, or stop feeling bad.

• Sometimes psychoactive drugs are used for social gain, bringing a sense of belonging and identity.

• As we will see in Chapter 11, some people experience mental health problems which increase their risk of using drugs

• The UK has two drug laws, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. These laws place all psychoactive drugs under control and rank some drugs according to their potential to cause harm.

• The UK drug laws make it an offence to produce, supply, import or export and, in some cases, possess a psychoactive drug.

This chapter explores ecoviolence along the Sea of Cortez, and Mexican cartels’ decades-long monopoly of the illegal drug market. Through this illicit economy, we unpack the convergence of illegal waste dumping, the illegal wildlife trade, money laundering, and human smuggling, and the role that Mexican, Chinese, and Fujian criminal organizations play in regional, interregional, and transnational exchanges to further criminal activities. The Sea of Cortez is a fascinating case study due to its geographic location as a historical hub for smuggling multiple commodities such as totoaba bladders, shark fins, drugs, diamonds, and precious metals. But the smuggling of immigrants has now come under the purview of these criminal networks. The chapter concludes with proposing a new analytical framework for studying ecoviolence, building expert capacity for undertaking research and analysis of policy development and enforcement.

A 76-year-old man complained about progressive dull feelings and weakness of the distal lower limbs that gradually progressed over a couple of months to the proximal legs and the hands. In addition, there was minor myalgia in the proximal muscles. He had had a myocardial infarction with cardiac arrhythmia three years earlier. He was treated with amiodarone afterwards. He did not have visual complaints and was otherwise healthy. He did not drink alcohol or use other drugs. He had not been treated with cytostatic drugs.

Topical applications of drugs onto the corneal surface will act directly on the neuromuscular junction of the iris muscles. The responses are dramatic, except for a few drugs that are metabolized by enzymes in the anterior chamber. This method was essential toward our understanding of how drugs act to produce their pharmacological effects. The action of systemically administered drugs is complicated by side effects of sedation and arousal. Pupillary reflexes have been proposed as a method to evaluate drug intoxications.

Trained in addictions in Edinburgh, perhaps an easier specialty given personal experience. Then obtained a consultant post in the Scottish Borders, and a year later one in Edinburgh.

This chapter reviews current options for pharmacological interventions for treating dementia and MCI. For the last 20 years, ACHe inhibitors have been the main option for symptomatic treatment of dementia. The evidence base for their effectiveness is considered. More recent developments are reviewed for pharmacological interventions intended to be disease-modifying. These aim to remove beta amyloid protein, which is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, with the aim of halting the disease’s progress. This is an emerging field, with an evidence base which is still developing, but represents an exciting development.

This chapter provides an overview of the antiviral drugs currently available, including maraviroc, aciclovir, penciclovir, ganciclovir, amantadine, zydovudine, adefovir, ribavirin, indinavir , oseltamivir, zanamivir, interferon alpha, rituximab , palivizumab, cidofovir, brincidofovir, foscarnet, remdesivir and paxlovid with an indication of their modes of action for treating virus infections, including HIV, herpes viruses, respiratory viruses, HBV, HCV, CMV, adenoviruses , BK, EBV (especially for PTLD), RSV, poxviruses and SARS-CoV-2.

Alcohol and drug misuse are no longer confined to younger people, as the baby boomer cohort of older people shows the fastest rise in rates of mortality from drugs and from alcohol. This chapter provides an overview of substance misuse in older people, starting with its terminological, epidemiological, and pharmacological aspects. It goes on to detail clinical aspects that include screening, diagnosis, and presentations such as alcohol withdrawal, self-harm, drug intoxication, overdose, drug withdrawal, and psychosis.

Particular attention is paid to age-related syndromes such as alcohol-related brain damage – amnestic syndrome and alcohol-related dementia. The chapter also considers the relevance of comorbid physical disorders that can affect a range of pathologies and dysfunctions, particularly in gastro-intestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological systems.

The organisation of care is also discussed, in order to highlight the importance of multi-agency working to provide a range of interventions that include liaison old age psychiatry and hepatology. The chapter goes on to cover medico-legal aspects as well as substance misuse and driving. It concludes with a section on discharge planning, emphasising the role of multidisciplinary teams in harm reduction – as well that of carers, non-statutory organisations, medical, and mental health services.

This chapter discusses the pharmaceutical industry, with specific attention given to the role of intellectual property and R&D. The chapter also explains (broadly) the process by which a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The key concept in the chapter is the tradeoff inherent in intellectual property protections: stronger protections spur more innovation but at the cost of higher prices for a longer period of time. On the other hand, weaker protections allow for more affordable products more quickly, but at the cost of reduced innovation. The end of chapter supplement explores the role of international trade agreements in solving research and development coordination problems.