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Decisions are often made in an environment of risk, where the decision maker considers probabilities and possible outcomes. But in order to make a decision under risk, the decision maker must first determine the probabilities of the possible outcomes.
Through experience and observation, people estimate the probability of future events. The probability of an event can be determined as the number of instances of the particular event divided by the total number of possible events. With the tossing of a coin, there are two possible outcomes – a head or a tail – and the probability of either one is ½ or .5. Games of chance, including roulette and lotteries, provide clear examples of how probabilities can be calculated.
When probabilities and outcomes are known, expected value can be calculated and decision makers can use expected value when they analyze possible courses of action and make a decision.
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