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This chapter follows Joyce’s exilic trajectory out of Dublin to embrace a rejuvenated Europe, from early efforts at modernizing Ireland against the archaizing tendencies of the Irish Revival to a modernist program entailing the choice of Europe against England. Joyce found a model in Italian writers like Vico and Ferrero, who rejected the myth of the purity of a national identity and trusted that a universalized history would bring different groups together, thus heralding today’s Europe, a community of nations in which Dublin is the capital of the only English-speaking country. Such a ‘globalatinized’ Europe ought to be able to critique previous imperialist tendencies and practice hospitality by an openness to minorities in concordance with the linguistic melting pot announced by Finnegans Wake.
This chapter traces the origins of Auerbach’s habit of beginning his chapters with a quotation by linking his account of Flaubert’s aestheticism with Pater’s The Renaissance, and it argues that – in contrast to E. R. Curtius – Auerbach’s understanding of aestheticism is democratic.
Several major historians, including Aufidius, Servilius, and Pliny, flourished in the century between Livy and Tacitus. Of the historical writing of this period only two representatives survive, Curtius and Velleius. Velleius is much indebted to Livy and Sallust, more to the former, though he sets great store by brevity. Curtius writes volubly, almost precipitately, as if embarrassed by a surplus of material, but he is never in real difficulties. Tacitus never became a classic or school-book in antiquity, for he arrived too late to enter a limited repertoire. As a traditionalist in an age of declining standards he was averse from outline history and scandalous biography, and his brevity defied the tribe of excerptors and abbreviators. In the Agricola, his earliest work, Tacitus amalgamates biography and historical monograph. Tacitus' historical style is a masterful and strange creation, difficult to characterize.
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