Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) supports managing complex engineering projects. A pivotal element of MBSE is the concept of views which provide tailored representations of a system model to address stakeholder concerns. Despite standards describing the use and generation of views, the adoption and practical implementation of MBSE views and viewpoints in industrial practice remain insufficiently explored. Interviews with German practitioners reveal a disconnect between theory and practice: views and viewpoints and the involvement in MBSE are often limited to technical experts, excluding non-technical stakeholders. High complexity, abstract representations, and tool-related barriers impede broader engagement. The findings suggest stakeholder-specific, accessible visualizations integrated into easy-to-use tools to improve understanding, collaboration, and decision-making.

Artificial intelligence is a transforming design practice. This research explores human-AI interaction in relation to human centred design principles in early stage design projects. Using a qualitative workshop methodology, this empirical study took a multidisciplinary team of participants from a yacht manufacturer through a series of divergent, discover phase activities that were augmented by AI tools. The results demonstrated how the advanced capabilities of AI to rapidly analyse vast quantities of data could be purposefully implemented to enhance engagement. the role off facilitator as an intermediary between the AI and participants allowed the interface between human and AI to be moderated and provided insights into effective effective use of AI during the fuzzy front end.

The contribution introduces the Application Domain Card (ADC) as a structured, problem-oriented method for documenting the status quo and challenges within application domains, addressing a gap in existing AI development methodologies. Derived through a literature review, the ADC emphasizes flexibility, modularity, and accessibility, thereby enabling domain experts to identify AI use cases independently while fostering collaboration with AI experts. The practical applicability of the ADC was confirmed by a support evaluation involving technical drawing assessments in the context of design theory exercises. Future research will focus on refining the ADC to meet specific demands of industrial product development. This includes developing a software-supported application with automated tools for information collection and creating a library of practical examples for the method’s modules.

Recent advances in AI offer promising opportunities for creative design, particularly through the generation of inspirational images. While prior research has explored the general benefits and limitations of text-to-image tools, there is significant potential in overcoming these constraints by investigating agile, multimodal prompting to facilitate more project-appropriate human-AI interaction. We present the development of a system designed to support both text-based and sketch-based image generation, serving as a research artefact for studying creativity support through multimodal Generative AI. The system enables dynamic dialogue interaction and visualization of the respective contributions. This paper focuses on the development of this AI system as a research artefact to enable future research through design, exploring how multimodal prompting can influence the design process.

The industrial application of additive manufacturing (AM) necessitates close collaboration between design and manufacturing. However, significant challenges persist throughout the product development process. To explore these challenges, we conducted interviews with 11 engineers from different companies utilizing AM technologies. These interviews revealed recurring themes, such as a lack of AM-specific mindset and uninformed decision-making, which pose challenges across different phases of product development. The identified challenges, along with proposed solutions and practices, were mapped to specific product development phases, providing a scope for development frameworks for AM. Our study indicates that while some challenges are phase-specific, others impact the entire product development process. Operational solutions for different development phases are still missing.

Engineering design is inherently a collaborative process that requires active engagement and effective communication. Project-based Learning (PBL) is increasingly recognized for fostering these essential skills. However, instructors face challenges in objectively monitoring interactions and providing process-oriented feedback, particularly in large-scale settings where free-riders and disengaged participants affect team dynamics. This study introduces a generative AI approach to deliver real-time, scalable, and empathetic feedback that enhances team collaboration. Findings highlight the potential of AI-driven systems to improve student engagement and learning outcomes, though limitations remain in providing context-specific advice. A secure framework for AI integration in collaborative learning environments is also proposed.

In the product development process, the way in which different departments collaborate and communicate affects the challenges faced by employees, their level of motivation, and the time and cost of development. This paper examines the collaboration and communication in technical drawings based on the Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS). The idea of different types of technical drawing documents (ISO/TS 21619:2018) is explained. Based on a survey, a comparison with the industrial application is made. The current status of communication in the departments is analyzed and challenges, potentials and possible measures are considered. The results show that the document types and their possibilities are rather unknown (43%). Another insight was that there is a significant difference between standardization and the (working) reality, in which collaboration plays a major role.

Due to rising product and system complexities, design and engineering have become a team effort that requires well planned and synchronized activities to achieve a high degree of process efficiency and effectiveness. Inspiring high school children to pursue a carreer in this field and preparing undergraduate as well as graduate students for what they will face in practice remains a challenge for societies and institutions worldwide. To overcome this situation, in this paper we present our experience from conducting two courses for Master students and one workshop for high school children based on an online collaboration platform and the digital LEGO framework. We provide insights into the organization of the different formats, the various backgrounds and profiles of their participants, the work results produced by the individual teams, as well as the participants’ learning experience.

Legumes offer valuable agricultural and nutritional properties to face the urgent need for food system changes. To eco-design legume-based products, the value chains need to consider the constraints of their stakeholders, from farmers to consumers. This article describes an eco-innovation approach combining collaborative value mapping with KCP® workshops to design sustainable legume-based foods. This eco-innovation approach led to the emergence of expected concepts linked to the properties of products and more disruptive concepts related to dynamics in the value chain. Existing knowledge and knowledge gaps were identified. The results highlight the value of articulating value mapping and KCP® workshops. The approach proved to foster innovative, systemic solutions that consider both stakeholders’ needs and sustainability.

Undisciplined Design (UD) is an emerging approach suited for experiment-driven innovation and creative processes, allowing fluid disciplinary engagement in engineering design. However, its openness and adaptability also introduce challenges, particularly when integration, evaluation, and risk mitigation mechanisms are absent. This paper examines the Google Glass project through the lens of boundary objects, identifying two key dangers in UD: overconfidence in technological inevitability and unintended consequences. The analysis highlights the need for structured checkpoints to manage epistemic uncertainty while preserving UD’s exploratory potential. To address these challenges, we propose incorporating participatory design methods to facilitate cross-disciplinary negotiation and present a decision-making checklist to guide UD projects in product design and innovation.

This study explores the impact of new work practices on product development in an Engineering Simulator by comparing traditional practices with new ways of working in a compressed product development process. By introducing flexibility, digital tools, and autonomy, the study highlights improvements in individual productivity and innovation. For example, teams employing new work practices developed their first prototypes 30% faster than control groups. However, challenges in communication and team dynamics emerge, underscoring the need for structured support systems. The findings further suggest that while these modern practices foster creativity and efficiency, successful implementation at the organizational level requires balancing autonomy with clear guidelines and effective management. This study provides actionable insights for adapting new work methods to engineering environments.

Robust Design is essential for developing high-quality products by minimizing their sensitivity to variation and uncertainties from diverse sources. Despite the wide range of approaches from industry and research, it faces challenges due to their siloed usage. Motivated to gain a better understanding of these challenges and to derive implications for how to overcome them, this paper discusses different viewpoints on Robust Design, taking into account different life cycle phases, domains, and system levels. This highlights the challenges of enhanced product complexity and shifting focuses, for instance, when it comes to cyber-physical systems or sustainable design, and the need for collaboration. Accordingly, the vision of a collaborative approach to Robust Design in a team is presented, in which the actors’ strengths are combined to further increase efficiency and significance.

This paper investigates the role of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in academic settings, focusing on its effectiveness in providing feedback during the brainstorming phase of the design process. A controlled study with 25 students (n=25) compared feedback from Generative AI (GPT-4) to that from six human educators. Findings reveal that AI-generated feedback enhances student motivation during ideation and facilitates iterative idea refinement. Generative AI’s ability to deliver rapid, scalable feedback proves advantageous in resource-constrained contexts, supporting more effective design processes. This research highlights the potential for AI-driven feedback mechanisms to transform human-AI collaboration in design education, addressing key challenges in personalized and scalable feedback delivery.

A roadmap for advancing sustainable and circular designs within the automotive industry is proposed. The emphasis is on the critical role of collaborative ecosystems following the increased transparency and traceability underway in regulations. Emerging Digital Product Passports are central means in Europe’s Green Deal and expects to drive transformation of practices in the automotive ecosystem. The study, conducted by researchers in collaboration with a global truck manufacturer, identifies key areas for action, including data quality, stakeholder value, and communication strategies, to facilitate the circular and sustainable transformation. The vision and actions proposed were refined in workshops with automotive suppliers and service providers. By addressing these challenges, the automotive industry can leverage from data accessibility and accelerate its shift towards sustainability.

This research aimed to explore the challenges designers face when using asynchronous collaboration methods across different time zones. A literature review revealed a knowledge gap in comparing synchronous and asynchronous collaboration methods and in comparing design students and professional practice. To fill this gap, a study was conducted with a group of engineering design students and practitioners asking them to conduct two design exercises, one synchronously and one asynchronously. The results highlighted unique challenges faced and that experience of design process had little effect on performance when using unfamiliar design tasks. The study contributes new insights and firsthand recommendations for design teams, educators and software developers.

This study explores user engagement and strategic interaction with a newly designed tangible game board- a 3x3x3 cube frame with 27 voids and 27 game pieces. 15 teams, each with 2 players, were provided with only the game set to develop their own game rules and strategies, encouraging participants to engage in the spatial and experiential aspects that the game board offers. Researchers observed how players approached the 3D structure and developed gameplay tactics without predefined rules, fostering creativity and exploration. Importantly, the study captured feedback on the structure’s versatility, with many participants developing new game rules, which implies its potential as a game platform. The experiments revealed that one of the emergences resulting from the affordances of the game platform is a game strategy for 3D Tic-Tac-Toe, amongst the many other possible games identified.

Understanding how Shared Mental Models (SMMs) develop within design teams has sparked interest in the design community of decades. But to date, there is still a lack of understanding of the factors that influence the development of these structures. This review examines the literature related to SMMs and the factors that impact collaborative efforts. Aiming to bring these two research fields together, this review proposes a new framework to help researchers better understand how SMMs develop and provide a foundation for new research and empirical evidence to establish the factors that influence the development of SMMs

To address the evolving life-cycle needs of both the amputee and prosthesis, input from key stakeholder (amputees and family members, prosthetist, physiotherapist, and prosthesis technician) is essential. Collaborative decision-making is necessary for timely involvement in the design, redesign, and maintenance of prostheses. Our framework, adProLiSS, supports this process by integrating stakeholder knowledge and real-time data obtained from smart prosthetic devices. Through an Ontology-Driven Prosthesis-Service System Framework incorporating an Ontology-Driven Consequence Mapping Model, key decision makers can visualise the consequences of their choices, enhancing communication, alignment, and adaptability. This holistic, data-driven approach prioritises patient-centred care, advocating for a paradigm shift in healthcare design practices.

This paper presents and experimental study that compares the performance of teams of one, three, and six in terms of generation of requirements from given design prompts. Team size has not been fully explored in the literature in comparative experimental studies for requirements generation. The study was conducted with 116 teams of one, 86 teams of three, and 92 teams of six composed of pre-service engineers in an introductory engineering course. Two prompts were used for the in-class activity. Results indicate that the size of the team did not have significant influence on the number of requirements generated. However, this suggests that there is a difference in efficiency of generating requirements. Analyzing the variety, novelty, and completeness of the requirements generated is reserved for future work. This work helps to lay the foundation for justifying team size.

This study explores the integration of network analysis and CAD/PDM log data to analyze collaboration and activity patterns in a multi-year engineering project. Using logs from a collaborative CAD platform with PDM features, the research examines team interactions and network evolution over time. Key findings reveal that early project stages featured smaller, denser networks, while later stages saw larger, less interconnected structures. Subteam formations were dynamic, with variations in size and number. Individual-level analysis showed that user influence, measured through eigenvector centrality, did not always align with activity volume. This work highlights the potential of CAD/PDM data for understanding collaboration dynamics and lays the groundwork for further studies on team interactions in design processes.