Focusing solely on the musical output of composer Igor Stravinsky, this chapter explores the evolution of what would become a characteristic compositional process – so-called ‘block form’ – in later works including Concertino, Symphony in Three Movements and Introitus T. S. Eliot in Memoriam. Close analysis of scores for these works, as well as a 1943 revision of the ‘Sacrificial Dance’ from The Rite, shows how Stravinsky crafted an idiomatic compositional technique that could produce both textural variation and structure coherence, while, in some cases, supporting a musical narrative.

From cradle to grave human beings actively strive to abstract meaning from experience. The meaning making capacity builds step-by-step, beginning in the earliest years. At each phase of life, new capacities emerge and previous limitations in meaning making can be overcome. By adolescence all of the basic tools for making meaning have been acquired. All that remains to be achieved is the wisdom that comes from accrued lived experience in the subsequent years. Increasingly, a narrative identity may be formed.

Preschoolers purposefully seek to understand the environment. Their social world expands, as they work hard to interact with peers. Accompanying this active stance are surges in memory and other aspects of understanding the self in the world. Coherence in the organization of the emerging person becomes much more apparent, in both behavior and the child’s internal world, as seen in the child’s representation. Inquisitiveness and beginning understanding of causality are major strengths of the toddler. Because this understanding is limited, toddlers may at times attribute too much credence to their own perspective and too great a role to the self in causation. Thus, they can feel bad when negative experiences such as divorce happen, believing that they are the cause.

This final chapter turns to the other basic question that MacCormick asked himself, again exploring it for over four decades: is reason practical, and if so how? MacCormick engaged in this question in the form of a life-long dialogue with his Enlightenment predecessors, and especially Stair, Hume, Smith, and Kant. This chapter tracks this dialogue, while also keeping in mind the contemporary interlocutors of MacCormick’s theory of practical reason, which included not only the dominant voices in Anglo–American jurisprudence, such as Hart and Dworkin, but also philosophers in the European Continent, such as Perelman and Alexy. The first part of the chapter focuses on what may be called MacCormick’s meta-ethics, showing how MacCormick adopted perspectivalism about value. The second shows how, particularly in his theory of legal reasoning, MacCormick discusses the importance of constructing an inter-subjective space (via universalisation) and how he explores the complexity of deliberation as well as the defeasibility of decision within that space. Throughout, the chapter reads MacCormick’s account of the limited practicality of reason as a matter of character.

This title focuses on the interpretative methodologies and principles employed by international human rights organs in applying and developing human rights norms. It explores the role of various interpreters, including international, regional, and national courts, in shaping the meaning and scope of human rights. The section examines the methods of interpretation used by human rights bodies, such as textual, contextual, purposive, and evolutionary approaches, and the challenges in ensuring consistency and coherence across different jurisdictions. It also discusses the purposes of interpretation, including the protection of human rights, the development of international human rights law, and the promotion of judicial dialogue and coherence. By analyzing the interpretative practices of human rights organs, this title aims to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of human rights interpretation and the factors influencing the application of human rights norms in diverse legal and cultural contexts.

This part focuses on the interpretative methodologies and principles employed by international human rights organs in applying and developing human rights norms. It explores the role of various interpreters, including international, regional, and national courts, in shaping the meaning and scope of human rights. The sections examine the methods of interpretation used by human rights bodies, such as textual, contextual, purposive, and evolutionary approaches, and the challenges in ensuring consistency and coherence across different jurisdictions. It also discusses the purposes of interpretation, including the protection of human rights, the development of international human rights law, and the promotion of judicial dialogue and coherence. This part delves into the international legal regime governing human rights and freedoms, covering states’ general obligations, the conditions for engaging state responsibility, and the regime for the enjoyment and exercise of rights and freedoms. By analyzing the interpretative practices and legal obligations, this part aims to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics of human rights interpretation and the factors influencing the application of human rights norms in diverse legal and cultural contexts.

This title examines the concept of normative pluralism in international human rights law, focusing on the coexistence and interaction of multiple legal systems and norms within the global human rights framework. It explores the treaty-based structure of human rights norms, including various international and regional human rights treaties, and discusses the role of customary international law, general principles of law, and jus cogens in shaping human rights obligations. The section also addresses the impact of nonconventional sources of human rights law, such as judicial decisions and soft law instruments, on the development and enforcement of human rights standards. By analyzing the complexities of normative pluralism, this title highlights the dynamic and evolving nature of international human rights law and the challenges in achieving coherence and consistency across different legal systems and cultures. It also emphasizes the importance of dialogue and cooperation among international, regional, and national actors in promoting and protecting human rights globally.

In the first of two chapters on probability in scientific inquiry, the basic ideas of probability theory are introduced through examples involving games of chance. The chapter then focuses on the Bayesian approach to probability, which adopts the stance that probabilities should be understood as expressions about the degrees of belief. The Bayesian approach as a general framework for probability is explained through examples involving betting that extend beyond games of chance, which also allows the introduction of the idea of probabilistic coherence as a condition of rational partial belief. We are then finally ready for Bayes’s theorem, a theorem of the probability calculus that plays a central role in the Bayesian account of learning from evidence. That account is illustrated with a historically motivated example from the history of paleontology. The chapter considers objections to the Bayesian approach and the resources Bayesians may draw on for answering those objections.

Chapter 10 explores epistemological and methodological implications of ECT. The overarching issue is whether one adopts a reductive logic or an emergent logic, and whether one is mainly concerned with linear causation versus emergence. The former helps map out developmental diversity from a population perspective, and the latter inductively derives the emergence of new structures, properties, and patterns through real-time person–task interaction. The further issue is making decisions on using person-centered versus variable-centered approaches. At a more epistemological level, ECT does not endorse the deductive logic of falsification, which has a deterministic connotation. Given the indeterminacy involved in talent development, ECT argues that theoretical predictions regarding short-term and long-term outcomes can be based on soft constraint satisfaction as a new epistemology guiding predictions, which dictates that talent trajectories, pathways, and achievement patterns are indeterminate but principled. The chapter thereby proposes five terms (emergence, adaptation, divergence, excellence, and coherence) as organizing research that taps into probabilistic epigenesis, proximal processes, and developmental self-organization toward higher-order coherence. Each term constrains the structure of inquiry and methodology, including what timescale of action is appropriate, and whether quantitative or qualitative, deductive or inductive methods should be used.

Polus admires orators for their tyrannical power. However, Socrates argues that orators and tyrants lack power worth having: the ability to satisfy one’s wishes or wants (boulêseis). He distinguishes wanting from thinking best, and grants that orators and tyrants do what they think best while denying that they do what they want. His account is often thought to involve two conflicting requirements: wants must be attributable to the wanter from their own perspective (to count as their desires), but wants must also be directed at objects that are genuinely good (in order for failure to satisfy them to matter). We offer an account of wanting as reflective, coherent desire, which allows Socrates to satisfy both desiderata. We then explain why he thinks that orators and tyrants want to act justly, though they do greater injustices than anyone else and so frustrate their own wants more than anyone else.

This chapter surveys modern progress in physics on the topic of “decoherence,” the physical process by which irreversible behavior can occur in wave systems. A substantial part of the chapter discusses a proposal by the author of this book for a spontaneous collapse theory that is connected to decoherence.

This chapter surveys several different mathematical methods for time-dependent change of quantum states using quantum field theory. The Bloch sphere method is introduced, which can be used to show the physics discussed in Chapter 3, that electronic transitions, or “jumps,” are not instantaneous.

Part one gives a description of the characteristics of the wind field over the ocean, including wind shear, turbulence and coherence. It shows how these parameters are modeled and used as an input to wind turbine analyses. The long-term statistics of the mean wind speed are discussed as well as the most common principles for wind speed measurements. In part two, the kinematics and dynamics of ocean waves are given in a form which in subsequent chapters is used in computing wave loads on structures, both in time and frequency domain. Long- and short-term wave statistics are discussed.