Tics are brief, sudden, non-rhythmic, repetitive movements. Tics can be motor or vocal. Further, both motor and vocal tics can be either simple or complex. Simple tics typically involve only one group of muscles and are brief and meaningless, whereas complex tics may last longer and appear more purposeful. Tic disorders usually begin in childhood and are classified according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) into four groups: (1) provisional tic disorder, (2) chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, (3) Tourette disorder (or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome), (4) tic disorder not otherwise specified. As tics can resemble almost any other movement disorder, phenotypic analysis alone is insufficient and patients must be questioned whether the execution is preceded by a premonitory sensation (urge to do, urge to move) and whether a temporary control of the movement can be achieved. Also, relief following execution of the tic is frequently reported. There are no biomarkers available for tics and diagnosis therefore remains strictly clinical.

This chapter covers generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder, and selective mutism. Based on a review using the new criteria for empirically supported treatments, there is strong research support for: (a) exposure therapies for specific phobias, (b) cognitive and behavioral therapies for generalized anxiety disorder, (c) cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder, and (d) cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. The two primary components of treatment include exposure and addressing cognitive biases. Each of these components is broken down into additional parts. A sidebar also discusses acceptance and commitment therapy.

Autism spectrum disorder and intellectual developmental disorder are often comorbidly diagnosed, but many adults meet criteria for just one of these disorders. Broad approaches include applied behavior analysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness based therapy, social skills interventions, and employment-related interventions. A sidebar discusses co-occurring mental health conditions.

Using the new criteria for empirically supported treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy and contingency management were both given strong recommendations for substance use disorders. Credible components of treatment include skills training, motivational enhancement, and access to nondrug alternative reinforcement. A sidebar discusses mutual support organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Another sidebar describes harm reduction strategies.

Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The treatments with the most research support are cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and family based treatment. Credible components of treatment include psychoeducational strategies, nutritional/dietary strategies, exposure therapy, social support, in-session weighing, cognitive strategies, and relapse prevention. A sidebar describes body checking and body avoidance.

The primary focus of this chapter is chronic pain. Treatment approaches discussed include cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. Credible components of treatment include behavioral goals, exposure, activity pacing, cognitive skills training, acceptance, relaxation, mindfulness, and psychological flexibility. A sidebar describes somatic symptom disorder.

Broad approaches to treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults include cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy. Credible components of treatment include an emphasis in learning theory, time estimation, temporal discounting, prioritizing/planning, self-instruction, cognitive refraining, and mindfulness. A sidebar discusses co-occurring conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Current clinical practice guidelines highlight several treatment approaches for depressive disorders, including acceptance and commitment therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Credible components of treatment include behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, mindfulness, and a focus on interpersonal targets. The chapter also includes a sidebar on the importance of cultural humility.

This chapter discusses schizophrenia and other psychosis spectrum disorders. Treatment approaches include cognitive-behavioral therapy, assertive community treatment, family therapy, social learning/token economy programs, supported employment, cognitive remediation, and peer support. Credible components of treatment include psychoeducation, skill acquisition, emotional regulation strategies, interpersonal support, and care coordination. A sidebar highlights the importance of common factors such as empathy.

Dissociative disorders encompass depersonalization, derealization, dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and other diagnostic classifications. The treatment literature for dissociative disorders is limited. Some emerging and promising treatments include phase-oriented treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, schema therapy, the Unified Protocol, and the Treatment of Patients with the Dissociative Disorders Network Program. A sidebar provides recommendations for future research; another sidebar discusses access to treatment.

The most efficacious treatments for bipolar disorder include cognitive-behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy, and systemic care. Credible components of treatment include psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, social support, and relapse prevention. The chapter also include a sidebar on research therapists and another on overcoming challenges to learning and implementing therapy.

Eating disorders (EDs) can be treated with inpatient, residential, partial hospital, and outpatient care through various therapeutic orientations. Studies indicate that evidence-based treatment models in the least restrictive environment lead to the best outcomes. One treatment option is FBT for adolescent EDs, which encourages families to externalize the illness and be a primary agent of change. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for EDs is collaborative and requires patient motivation. It includes forms like CBT-E, CBT-guided self-help, 10-session cognitive-behavioral therapy, and CBT for ARFID which are structured and manualized. CBT-E targets body weight, shape, and control and maintenance variables of the illness. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited treatment for adults with BN and BED, focusing on how relationships affect ED symptoms. Both IPT and CBT are effective for binge-related behaviors and cognitions. CBT-AR is a treatment option for individuals over 10 years old with all presentations of ARFID who are medically stable and not dependent on tube feeding.

This chapter describes pseudoscience and questionable ideas related to psychosis and the schizophrenia spectrum. The chapter opens by discussing diagnostic confusion and questionable assessment practices such as projective tests. The chapter also considers myths that influence treatment. Dubious treatments include homeopathy, psychoanalysis, vitamin therapy, lobotomy, insulin coma therapy, and exorcism. The chapter closes by reviewing research-supported approaches.

This chapter describes pseudoscience and questionable ideas related to bipolar disorder I, bipolar disorder II, cyclothymic disorder, as well as mania and other related mood states. The chapter opens by discussing myths such as the idea that people on the bipolar spectrum want to be impaired. Several controversies related to treatment are also discussed, such as misleading products. The chapter closes by reviewing research-supported approaches.

This chapter describes pseudoscience and questionable ideas related to somatic symptoms. The chapter opens by discussing the challenge inherent in measuring treatment gains in subjectively reported symptoms. Dubious treatments discussed include acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, herbal remedies, cannabidiol products, dietary supplements, and medical devices (e.g., mystical patches). The chapter closes by reviewing research-supported approaches.