Perioperative cardiac arrest occurs in about 1 in 3,000 anaesthetics. The majority occur in older, frailer patients (1 in 1,200), and in high-risk or emergency surgery. The cause may be the result of underlying medical disease – usually cardiac, secondary to surgery – usually due to haemorrhage or secondary to an anaesthetic cause – usually due to hypoxia and hypercapnia, typically resulting from airway problems.

The Resuscitation Council has issued algorithms to guide management of basic and advanced life support in both adults and children. Advanced life support secures the airway and supports the circulation using drugs with the aim of the return of spontaneous circulation. Two main types of arrhythmia occur in a cardiac arrest:

• Non-shockable: pulseless electrical activity (PEA) – a QRS complex without a palpable pulse and asystole

• Shockable: ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT)

Potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest should be actively sought and treated. There are special circumstances after 28 weeks of pregnancy which require attention and are described. A traumatic cardiac arrest resuscitation algorithm is discussed.

The concept of circulation is presented, including the physical and mathematical concepts of circulation and lift. A description of how potential flow theory is used to model flow for airfoils, including the predictions of lift. Readers are presented with the concept of the Kutta condition, including how it impacts the development of airfoil theory. Thin-airfoil theory is developed for symmetric and cambered airfoils and methods for prediction lift and pitching moment are presented. The accuracy and limitations of thin-airfoil theory is also presented. Descriptions are presented for why laminar flow airfoils have different geometries than airfoils used at higher Reynolds numbers. Finally, high-lift systems are discussed, including why they are important for aircraft design.

Basic concepts are presented to show the difference between airfoils and wings, as well as the physical processes that cause those differences, such as wing-tip vortices. A physical description is presented for the impact of wing-tip vortices on the flow around the airfoil sections that make up a wing, and lift-line theory is developed to predict the effects of wing-tip vortices. A general description and calculation methods are presented for the basic approach and usefulness of panel methods and vortex lattice methods. A physical description for how delta wings produce lift and drag is also presented, including the importance of strakes and leading-edge extensions. High angle of attack aerodynamics is discussed, including the physical mechanisms that cause vortex asymmetry. Unmanned aerial vehicles and aerodynamic design issues are discussed. Finally, basic propeller theory and analysis approaches are introduced, including the use of propeller data to design low-speed propellers.

Readers will understand what is meant by inviscid flow, and why it is useful in aerodynamics, including how to use Bernoulli’s equation and how static and dynamic pressure relate to each other for incompressible flow. Concepts are presented to describe the basic process in measuring (and correcting) air speed in an airplane. A physical understanding of circulation is presented and how it relates to predicting lift and drag. Readers will be presented with potential flow concepts and be able to use potential flow functions to analyze the velocities and pressures for various flow fields, including how potential flow theory can be applied to an airplane.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the commonest birth defect, and children may present at all ages with variably corrected lesions for both elective and emergency surgery. No single anaesthetic approach can be recommended in this heterogeneous group of children, so a general strategy is presented based on applied physiology and the available evidence. Pathophysiological patterns are presented along with the common physiological consequences of cardiac disease in children: cardiac failure, cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension and arrhythmias. Children with congenital heart disease presenting for non-cardiac surgery are at increased perioperative risk compared to their unaffected peers. Risk factors are identified, and a scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality is presented. Preoperative assessment encompasses consideration of the optimal location for surgery as well as specific considerations, including echocardiography, infectious endocarditis prophylaxis and pacemaker/ defibrillators. In general, a balanced anaesthetic technique including controlled ventilation and opioids to reduce volatile exposure is preferred. However, with appropriate understanding of the underlying physiology, most anaesthetic techniques can be used safely and successfully in children with CHD.

Following a brief historical overview of the birth of the organised movement, Chapter 1 introduces literary figures and texts promoted by antivivisection periodicals such as the Zoophilist, the Home Chronicler, and the Animals Guardian. Adopting a literary-critical approach offers a fresh perspective on the movement’s association pamphlets and periodicals which have, thus far, largely been examined as historical documents. Poems, stories, and ‘humane words’ from notable writers were sourced and deployed to shape a common antivivisectionist identity, articulate the movement’s ideology, and mobilise activists. Analysis of antivivisection poems by Christina Rossetti, Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, and Robert Buchanan is complemented by attention to the framing and reception of these works in antivivisection publications and the wider press.

The Introduction begins by unpacking a 1929 Taiwanese civil case where multiple parties were concerned with the formation of a marriage, showing how the case – and public debates as well as other civil and criminal cases presented in this book – evolved around sociolegal problems across the empire, social customs and new forms of family, masculinity tied to household relationships, and Taiwanese women’s agency. The argument of the circulation of gender ideals is followed using ethnographic and historical backgrounds on marriage gifts, daughter adoption, and premarital sexual relationships in Japan and Taiwan from the late nineteenth century through the 1910s. Grounded in these historical contexts, the Introduction suggests gender was at the center of Japan’s international and colonial relations, the competition surrounding Taiwanese masculinity in society and law, and the contested formation of Taiwanese women’s agency in the colonial courts. The final section outlines the organization of Geographies of Gender by highlighting the shift in narrative from the larger historical circumstances surrounding the Japanese empire to the specific interactions between discourse and colonial law in gendered terms.

Taking a spatial and pragmatic approach to markets, this chapter develops an understanding of small trade and its logistics in markets at the periphery of global capitalism. Based on field surveys carried out in Senegal, it examines the day-to-day interactions between wholesalers, resellers and logistics intermediaries that organize the circulation of goods within and between distributed marketplaces and spaces. The research question addresses the process of ‘scaling up’ that transforms a multitude of small hawker transactions into mass consumer markets. The analysis reveals a reticular structure interconnecting individual and informal cross-border traders and shopkeepers, resellers of differing sizes and capacities, and the interconnection of these parties by ‘coxers’ and drivers, who are actors in both micro-logistics and hawking. It shows that the daily circulation of a multitude of small batches of goods relies on logistics assemblages recomposed on a day-to-day basis, based on kinship (interpersonal alliances), tech-ship (micro-technologies) and a credit chain. It shows how this socio-technical circulation infrastructure is a key driver of market access for small traders, allows for the conquest of spatial scales, and provides a flexibility of hierarchies and trajectories as a form of market organization.

In the course of the 1960s, mathematical modeling gradually stabilized as the primary mode of academic economic research. The Epilogue sketches the fate of “the Solow model” as it consolidated as an epistemic standard for an intellectual practice that focused on refining mathematical artifacts and using them to estimate model-relationships in any given data sets. Building on the idea that it already developed a life of its own at Solow’s desk, the Epilogue inquires into the movements and transformations of the multifarious artifact. It was adapted, extended, and reduced in relation to specific local, institutional, and strategic arrangements in planning offices, universities, and research institutions. Sketching some of its trajectories in the field of growth accounting and macroeconomic management, I wonder how the model sedimented into knowledge infrastructures and how the model’s knowledge, as precarious as it might have been, was equipped with computability, prognostic potential, and policy effectiveness.

This chapter looks at approximately a millennium of ancient reception, from factors pertaining to the writing and early circulation of Gorgias to the commentary on the work by Olympiodorus in the sixth century of our era. The dialogue was not written for light-hearted entertainment but as a vehicle for serious philosophy. Early readers must have included Plato’s rival Isocrates, whose Against the Sophists criticizes material early in the work, while inspiring 519b-d. Aristotle made extensive use of it in the Rhetoric, but may have thought its ethics superceded. A range of allusions in the spurious Alcibiades II strongly suggests that Gorgias was well-known by the late fourth century. It was widely read thereafter, thanks to rhetoricians and grammarians. Commentaries emerged from the Platonist schools, from Taurus to Olympiodorus, and may be supplemented from other philosophic discussion. Dodds had a low regard for Olympiodorus, taking little account of the task faced by the Alexandrian commentator. Some examples show how this view caused him to overlook places where Olympiodorus’ offers assistance, or even to misreport what he says. I conclude with the value of studying the ancient reception for enhancing our view of Plato.

The scientific literature provides little evidence-based guidance in amount (quantitative fluid intervention) or type (qualitative fluid intervention) of fluid to optimize outcomes during liver and renal transplantation. Fluid intervention and vasoactive pharmacological support for transplantation depend on clinician preference, institutional resources and practice culture. Patients undergoing liver and renal transplantation should be managed on an individualized basis. No single approach will be effective. This chapter provides a contemporary overview of the fundamental principles underpinning fluid intervention for adult liver and renal transplantation. The overarching principles of fluid intervention for transplantation are to normalize the microcirculation by maintaining intravascular volume, tissue perfusion and tissue oxygenation, thereby protecting the new graft and other organs. The chapter also summarizes contemporary recommendations from expert panels for the perioperative fluid management and outcomes for adults undergoing liver and kidney transplantation.

What will the climate of the twenty-first century be like? If we knew the answer to that question, this chapter would be much simpler. But we don’t, because we have little or no idea what decisions humans, and in particular our leaders in politics, business, finance, technology and science, will make. In the absence of the necessary knowledge, we really only have two options: pack up and go home; or make some ‘educated’ guesses. So that – the educated guesses, known as scenarios – will form the first part of this chapter. After that we will take you through the conclusions that the IPCC has been able to draw, based on CMIP6 simulations of those educated guesses, focusing on the AR6 indicators of Chapter 18. We will also look at any implications for policy decisions our leaders may (or may not) make on our behalf.

The acquisition of “Western knowledge” in late Tokugawa Japan, particularly in fields of science, technology, and medicine, has functioned as a central resource not only in modernization narratives but in the legitimization of imperial geographies that situate Japan as Asia’s rightful hegemon. This chapter brings together emerging research that decenters and pluralizes existing understandings of “Western knowledge,” placing “Western knowledge” instead within broader flows of global modernity. Specifically, by examining how a “transimperial educational commons” rendered diverse new texts and resources available to late Tokugawa scholars, this chapter argues that “Western knowledge” was in fact the product of networks of mediation across South, Southeast, and East Asia. Particular sites considered include circulation and brokerage through Dutch Indonesia and Qing China. The sum of these studies indicates that the problem of late Tokugawa engagements with Western knowledge can only be solved by examining sites both beyond the West and beyond Japan.

This chapter explores how voices outside the archive might shape a historian’s readings in the archive. Provoked by an experience in the grounds of the Hawai‘i State Archives, the author uses the canefield songs (holehole bushi) of Japanese labourers on Hawaiian sugar plantations in order to explore the migrants’ imaginations of their own transpacific lives. Focusing in particular on the language of ‘circulation’, and on the life history of one Yamashiro-maru migrant, the chapter reframes a historiographical debate about Japan’s industrialization in light of the canefield labourers, and a debate about Asian settler colonialism in Hawai‘i in light of the labourers’ remittances back to Japan. At the chapter’s heart – in the opening courtroom testimony and in the final schoolyard song – is the problem of translation and commensurability, both in the language of the actors and in the ways historians might transplant historiographical concepts from one local context to another.

Chapter 1 expands on the Introduction’s brief exploration of Norbert Wiener’s theories alongside modernist literary aesthetics to argue that Ezra Pound’s Cantos and radio broadcasts employ the logic of cybernetic feedback as a pedagogical model for teaching twentieth-century readers how to negotiate large quantities of data, find meaningful patterns within messages from the past, and adapt their conduct to best achieve their goals. Elucidating arguments that Pound makes in his radio broadcasts and poetry (particularly the Chinese History Cantos) and comparing them to Wiener’s mid-century theories of cybernetic feedback, Love challenges the critical tendency to compare Pound’s work to unidirectional radio transmission. Instead, the chapter’s analyses illustrate that Pound champions the principle of circulation and positions his readers as cybernetic machines, inviting them to learn from the feedback loops that circulate throughout history, culture, and language.