Houston Smit argues that Kant’s conception of the faculties possessed by a rational mind makes use of Aristotle’s notion of energeia and proposes an interpretation of the transcendental deduction of the categories built on this idea. On this interpretation, it is a central plank of the deduction to argue that such a mind possesses the capacity to think only if it is the subject of activities that exhibit characteristic features of Aristotelian energeiai. This shows that Kant conceives of the thinking subject as what Smit calls a robustly Aristotelian substance, even while insisting (consistently) that we do not have cognition of ourselves as “thinking things.” However, this point can be fully appreciated, Smit argues, only if one realizes that the deduction relies on a distinction between objective and non-objective uses of the categories

Stephen Engstrom argues that judgments that amount to knowledge constitute the end of the faculty of understanding. This implies that true judgments and false judgments are not on par in relation to the attainment of this end. False judgments are incomplete realizations of the understanding whose explanation requires reference to a factor that prevents it from attaining its end. Engstrom takes this to show that truth is essential to judgment (and belongs to its form) whereas falsity is not. This is reflected in our original, a priori understanding of judgment, according to which the capacity to judge is the capacity to know (rather than the capacity, say, to judge either truly or falsely). In an appendix, Engstrom relates this account to the notion of objective validity.

Diagnosing, treating, and caring for individuals with dementia-related syndroms raises unique legal and ethical questions. Individuals with dementia may be more likely to lack decision-making capacity. Additionally, along with their families, individuals with dementia will face complicated health care related decisions – complicated by limited therapy options. This chapter identifies key legal and ethical questions that come up in the clinical and non-clinical setting relevant to dementia-related syndromes.

If more than one good linear approximation is available, then it is natural to try to exploit all of them simultaneously. This is called multiple linear cryptanalysis. The first part of this chapter discusses multiple linear cryptanalysis in general. The second part focuses on the special case with a set of masks that forms a vector space, which is called multidimensional linear cryptanalysis.

This chapter examines the political effects of the three programs. I focus on citizen claim-making, particularly demands for public services such as roads, water, and sanitation, and its impact on local governance and power dynamics. I develop a theory explaining how subsidized housing enhances beneficiaries' capacity and motivation to make such demands. This increase in claim-making stems from gains to wealth and dignity, which empower beneficiaries to assert their needs more effectively. Simultaneously, beneficiaries are motivated to make claims to protect their newfound wealth. I add new mechanisms for participation to the political behavior literature, which has primarily focused on identity-related factors such as caste, ethnicity, and religion. I analyze the effects within three housing programs, finding that subsidized homeownership not only boosts claim-making in the short term but also shifts citizens' motivations for engaging with the state. As beneficiaries' sense of dignity improves, their strategies for making claims change. These changes have significant implications for local governance and may also impact other political behaviors, such as electoral participation.

This chapter introduces the book’s main argument that American economic hierarchy has enhanced property rights and state capacity in partner states over the past forty years, challenging the conventional view that United States’ involvement undermines state-building. It outlines the conceptual framework, focusing on extractive capacity and hierarchy as key concepts. The chapter previews the argument, highlights the book’s contributions to system-level theories, state-building research, and international development literature, and outlines the plan for the book.

This chapter highlights the interconnection between economic and social values in the contractual realm, rooted in a perception of people as holder of rights and a broad interpretation of autonomy and human dignity that looks beyond individualistic values. With a focus on grossly asymmetrical contracts, it promotes an understanding of vulnerability in the contractual context based on the circumstances of the transaction, rather than on people’s medical conditions. The chapter reflects on the merits and drawbacks of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) as a potential benchmark for promoting a vision of contract law that responds to both economic and social concerns and recognises the equality of all human beings. The second part considers how English contract law could be brought closer to the equality vision promoted by the UNCRPD, proposing an understanding of the contractual realm based on concentric economic and social spheres, shaped by fluid boundaries, and reflecting on the relevance of contract law as part of a broader set of measures to ensure a fairer society.

Educational opportunities and outcomes will determine whether a society thrives or merely survives a 100-year-life. Nations should ensure that educational opportunity gaps do not continue to leave behind children of color and children from low-income households who too often receive inferior educational opportunities. The US should adopt law and policy reforms that help to close these gaps and ensure that all children receive a high-quality education that will empower them to make the personal and professional adaptations that are essential for thriving over a 100-year-life.

The chapter provides a novel detailed analysis of one of the most discussed chapters in the Aristotelian corpus, namely An. 2.5. The central claim is that in An. 2.5 Aristotle lays down his programmatic definition of perception as a complete passive activity. He does so by classing the perceptive capacity with capacities that are already fulfilments (entelekheiai) of their subjects and by showing how this classification is compatible with perception being passive (i.e. a kind of being affected). By working out the concept of complete passive activity Aristotle fills in a conceptual gap left open elsewhere in the corpus (most strikingly in Metaphysics Θ.6), where both completeness and passivity are taken for granted but without showing how the two features can cohere. In An. 2.5, Aristotle, thus, succeeds in capturing how perception differs not only from manifestations of non-passive complete capacities (such as the art of house-building), but also from passive processes (as exhibited in the inexhaustibility of the perceptive capacity and the object-directedness of perception). His definition is programmatic in the sense that it analyses the explananda without, however, yet providing any explanantia.

My fieldwork uncovers the differing dynamics of the homeowner self-governance movement in three cities: In Shanghai, 94 percent of condominium communities have established homeowners’ associations (HoAs), compared with 41 percent in Shenzhen and only 12 percent in Beijing. In this chapter, I present a framework with two variables, the risk to social stability and state capacity, to explain the different styles of authoritarianism in the three cities, and examine the role of the local state in the development of HoAs.

There are four fundamental optimization problems arising in information theory: I-projection, maximum likelihood, rate distortion, and capacity. In Chapter 5 we show that all these problems have convex/concave objective functions, discuss iterative algorithms for solving them, and study the capacity problem in more detail. As an application, we show that Gaussian distribution extremizes mutual information in various problems with second moment constraints.

In Chapter 20 we study data transmission with constraints on the channel input. For example, how many bits per channel use can we transmit under constraints on the codewords? To answer this question in general, we need to extend the setup and coding theorems to channels with input constraints. After doing that we will apply these results to compute the capacities of various Gaussian channels (memoryless, with intersymbol interference and subject to fading).