Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-npwhs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T12:41:40.444Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional and environmental effects on broiler uniformity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2017

R.M. GOUS
R.M. GOUS*
Affiliation:
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
*
Corresponding author: gous@ukzn.ac.za
Get access

Abstract

Poor uniformity in a broiler operation reduces revenue and increases waste. Uniformity in body weight at harvest is influenced by variation in genotype, environment and feed composition and form. Variation in growth in broilers within each sex is usually relatively small, but increases markedly when a poor quality feed is given. In attempting to grow to meet their potential when fed a diet low in protein, birds need to overconsume energy and then release excessive amounts of heat to the environment, although this ability is constrained by both feather cover and the ability to fatten. Consequently, as broiler genotypes have become faster growing and leaner, there is an increased need to feed higher levels of balanced protein in a cooler environment as a means of improving uniformity. Separating the sexes and reducing the range in day-old body weights will assist in achieving better uniformity at harvest.

Keywords

fatteningfeatherstemperatureproteingenotypefeed form

Information

Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 74 , Issue 1 , March 2018 , pp. 21 - 34
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

This manuscript was published in the Proceedings of 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24-27 August 2015, Prague, Czech Republic

References

AERTS, J.M., BERCKMANS, D., SAEVELS, P., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2000) Modelling the static and dynamic responses of total heat production of broiler chickens to step changes in air temperature and light intensity. British Poultry Science 41: 651-659.Google Scholar
AL HOMIDAN, A., ROBERTSON, J.F. and PETCHEY, A.M. (1997) Effect of temperature, litter and light intensity on ammonia and dust production and broiler performance. British Poultry Science 38: S5-S6.Google Scholar
AL HOMIDAN, A., ROBERTSON, J.F. and PETCHEY, A.M. (1998) Effect of environmental factors on ammonia and dust production and broiler performance. British Poultry Science 39: S9-S10.Google Scholar
AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V., LENTLE, R.G. and THOMAS, D.G. (2007) Influence of feed particle size and feed form on the performance, energy utilization, digestive tract development, and digesta parameters of broiler starters. Poultry Science 86: 2615-2623.Google Scholar
BACON, W.L., NESTOR, K.E. and RENNER, P.A. (1986) The influence of genetic increases in body weight and shank width on the abdominal fat pad and carcass composition of turkeys. Poultry Science 65: 391-397.Google Scholar
BENNETT, C.D., CLASSEN, H.L. and RIDDELL, C. (1995) Live performance and health of broiler chickens fed diets diluted with whole or crumbled wheat. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75: 611-614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BENNETT, C.D., CLASSEN, H.L. and RIDDELL, C. (2002) Feeding broiler chickens wheat and barley diets containing whole, ground and pelleted grain. Poultry Science 81: 995-1003.Google Scholar
BERHE, E.T. and GOUS, R.M. (2008) Effect of dietary protein content on growth, uniformity and mortality of two commercial broiler strains. South African Journal of Animal Science 38: 293-302.Google Scholar
BOSHOUWERS, F.M.G., DAVELAAR, F.G., LANDMAN, W.J.M., NICAISE, E. and VAN DEN BOS, J. (1996) Vertical temperature profiles at bird level in broiler houses. British Poultry Science 37: 55-62.Google Scholar
BRADFORD, M.M.V. and GOUS, R.M. (1991) The response of growing pigs to a choice of diets differing in protein content. Animal Production 52: 185-192.Google Scholar
BRADFORD, M.M.V. and GOUS, R.M. (1992) The response of weaner pigs to a choice of diets differing in protein content. Animal Production 55: 227-232.Google Scholar
ÇIFTCI, >İ. and ERCAN, A. (2003) Effects of diets of different mixing homogeneity on performance and carcass traits of broilers. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 12: 163-171.Google Scholar
CLARK, F.A., GOUS, R.M. and MORRIS, T.R. (1982) Response of broilers to well-balanced protein mixtures. British Poultry Science 23: 433-446.Google Scholar
CUMMING, R.B. (1994) Opportunities in whole grain feeding. Proceedings 9th European Poultry Conference, Vol. 2. WPSA (United Kingdom Branch), Glasgow, Scotland, pp 219-222.Google Scholar
CORZO, A., MCDANIEL, C.D., KIDD, M.T., MILLER, E.R., BOREN, B.B. and FANCHER, B.I. (2004) Impact of dietary amino acid concentration on growth, carcass yield, and uniformity of broilers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55: 1133-1138.Google Scholar
CURNOW, R.N. and TORENBEEK, R.V. (1996) Optimal diets for egg production. British Poultry Science 37: 373-382.Google Scholar
DA COSTA, M.J., COLSON, G., FROST, T.J., HALLEY, J. and PESTI, G.M. (2017a) Straight-run vs. sex separate rearing for two broiler genetic lines Part 1: Live production parameters, carcass yield, and feeding behavior. Poultry Science 96 (8): 2641-2661.Google Scholar
DA COSTA, M.J., COLSON, G., FROST, T.J., HALLEY, J. and PESTI, G.M. (2017b) Straight-run vs. sex separate rearing for two broiler genetic lines Part 2: Economic analysis and processing advantages. Poultry Science 96 (7): 2127-2136.Google Scholar
DALE, N. (1996) Variation in feed ingredient quality: oilseed meals. Animal feed Science and Technology 59: 129-135.Google Scholar
DEATON, J.W., REECE, F.N., KUBENA, L.F. and MAY, J.D. (1973) Rearing Broiler Sexes Separate Versus Combined. Poultry Science 52: 16-19.Google Scholar
DEMING, W.E. (2000) Out of the crisis (MIT Press ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 88.Google Scholar
DUNCAN, M.S. (1988) Problems of dealing with raw ingredient variability, in: HARESIGN, W. & COLE, D.J.A. (Eds), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 3-11 (Boston, Butterworths).Google Scholar
DUNCAN, M.S. (1989) In: Recent Advances in Animal Protein Production. Monsanto Latin America Technical Symposium Proceedings, pp. 31-40.Google Scholar
EFG SOFTWARE (2015) Broiler growth model and optimiser. www.efgsoftware.net (accessed May 2016).Google Scholar
EMMANS, G.C. (1981) A model of the growth and feed intake of ad libitum fed animals, particularly poultry. In: Computers in Animal Production, pp. 103-110. Occasional Publication No. 5. British Society of Animal Production.Google Scholar
EMMANS, G.C. (1987) Growth, body composition, and feed intake. World's Poultry Science Journal 43: 208-227.Google Scholar
EMMANS, G.C. and FISHER, C. (1986) Problems of nutritional theory, in: FISHER, C. & BOORMAN, K.N. (Eds) Nutritional Requirements and Nutritional Theory, pp. 9-39 (London, Butterworths).Google Scholar
FAWCETT, R.H., WEBSTER, M., THORNTON, P.K., ROAN, S.W. and MORGAN, C.A. (1992) Predicting the response to variation in diet composition, in: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 137-158 (Boston, Butterworths).Google Scholar
FISHER, C., MORRIS, T.R. and JENNINGS, R.C. (1973) A model for the description and prediction of the response of laying hens to amino acid intake. British Poultry Science 14: 469-484.Google Scholar
FREEMAN, C.P. (1979) The tryptophan requirement of broilers. British Poultry Science 20: 27-37.Google Scholar
GOUS, R.M. and MORRIS, T.R. (1985) Evaluation of a diet dilution technique for measuring the response of broiler chickens to increasing concentrations of lysine. British Poultry Science 26: 147-161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GOUS, R.M. and BERHE, E.T. (2006) Modelling populations for purposes of optimisation, in: GOUS, R.M., MORRIS, T.R. & FISHER, C. (Eds) Mechanistic Modelling in Pig and Poultry Production, pp. 76-96 (Wallingford, UK, CABI).Google Scholar
GOUS, R.M., EMMANS, G.C., BROADBENT, L.A. and FISHER, C. (1990) Nutritional effects on the growth and fatness of broilers. British Poultry Science 31: 495-505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GOUS, R.M., PYM, R.A.E., MANNION, P. and WU, J.X. (1996) An evaluation of the parameters of the Gompertz growth equation that describe the growth of eight strains of broiler, in: BALNAVE, D. (Ed) Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Vol. 8, pp. 174-177 (University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia).Google Scholar
GOUS, R.M., MORAN, E.T., STILBORN, H.R., BRADFORD, G.D. and EMMANS, G.C. (1999) Evaluation of the parameters needed to describe the overall growth, the chemical growth and the growth of feathers and breast muscles of broilers. Poultry Science 78: 812-821.Google Scholar
HANCOCK, C.E., BRADFORD, G.D., EMMANS, G.C. and GOUS, R.M. (1995) The evaluation of the growth parameters of six strains of commercial broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 36: 247-264.Google Scholar
HAVENSTEIN, G.B., FERKET, P.R., SCHEIDELER, S.E. and RIVES, D.V. (1994) Carcass composition and yield of 1991 vs 1957 broilers when fed “typical” 1957 and 1991 broiler diets. Poultry Science 73: 1795-1804.Google Scholar
HETLAND, H., SVIHUS, B. and KROGDAHL, A. (2003) Effects of oat hulls and wood shavings on digestion in broilers and layers fed diets based on whole or ground wheat. British Poultry Science 36: 275-282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HUGHES, R.J. and CHOCT, M. (1999) Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related to variability in energy and amino acid availability in poultry. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 689-701.Google Scholar
JENSEN, L.S., MERRILL, L.H., REDDY, C.V. and MCGINNIS, J. (1962) Observations on eating patterns and rate of feed passage of birds fed pelleted and unpelleted diets. Poultry Science 41: 1414-1419.Google Scholar
KEMP, C., FISHER, C. and KENNY, M. (2005) Genotype-nutrition interactions in broilers; response to balanced protein in two commercial strains. 15th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Balatonfured, Hungary.Google Scholar
LEESON, S., CASTON, L.J., SUMMERS, J.D. and LEE, K.H. (1999) Performance of male broilers to 70 days when fed diets of varying nutrient density as mash or pellets. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 452-464.Google Scholar
LEMME, A. (2003) Evonik Degussa GmbH, Facts and Figure s No. 1529.Google Scholar
LEMME, A., WIJTTEN, P.J.A., VAN WICHEN, J., PETRI, A. and LANGHOUT, D.J. (2006) Responses of male growing broilers to increasing levels of balanced protein offered as coarse mash or pellets of varying quality. Poultry Science 85: 721-730.Google Scholar
LILLY, K.G.S., GEHRING, C.K., BEAMAN, K.R., TURK, P.J., SPEROW, M.J. and MORITZ, S. (2011) Examining the relationships between pellet quality, broiler performance, and bird sex. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20: 231-239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MADSEN, T.G. and PEDERSEN, J.R. (2010) Broiler Flock Uniformity. Feedstuffs 82: 12-13.Google Scholar
MCCOY, R.A., BEHNKE, K.C., HANCOCK, J.D. and MCELLHINEY, R.R. (1994) Effect of mixing uniformity on broiler chick performance. Poultry Science 73: 443-451.Google Scholar
MCNAUGHTON, J.L. (1995) Factors influencing the vitamin requirements of broilers and pigs. Proceedings of the 5th Forum Animal Nutrition, BASF.Google Scholar
METAYER, J.P., GROSJEAN, F. and CASTING, J. (1993) Study of variability in French cereals. Animal feed Science and Technology 43: 87-108.Google Scholar
MILES, D.M., ROWE, D.E. and OWENS, P.R. (2008) Winter broiler litter gases and nitrogen compounds: Temporal and spatial trends. Atmospheric Environment 42: 3351-3363.Google Scholar
MITCHELL, M.A. (1985) Effects of air velocity on convective and radiant heat transfer from domestic fowls at environmental temperatures 20°C and 30°C. British Poultry Science. 26: 413-423.Google Scholar
MIRAGLIOTTA, M.Y., NÄÄS, I. de A., MANZIONE, R.I. and DO NASCIMENTO, F.F. (2006) Spatial analysis of stress conditions inside broiler house under tunnel ventilation. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Brazil) 63: 426-432.Google Scholar
MORRIS, T.R. and NJURU, D.M. (1990) Protein requirements of fast- and slow-growing chicks. British Poultry Science 31: 803-809.Google Scholar
NETO, R.M., SUREK, D., DA ROCHA, C., DAHLE, F. and MAIORKA, A. (2013) The effect of grouping one-day-old chicks by body weight on the uniformity of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22: 245-250.Google Scholar
NOTT, H. and COMBS, G.F. (1967) Data processing feed ingredient composition data. Feedstuffs 39: 21-22.Google Scholar
PARMAR, R.S., DIEHL, K.C., COLLINS, E.R. and HULET, R.M. (1992) Simulation of a turkey house environment. Agricultural Systems 38: 425-445.Google Scholar
PLAVNIK, I., MACOVSKY, B. and SKLAN, D. (2002) Effect of feeding whole wheat on performance of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 96: 229-236.Google Scholar
POMAR, C., HAUSCHILD, L., ZHANGI, G-H., POMAR, J. and LOVATTO, P.A. (2009) Applying precision feeding techniques in growing-finishing pig operations. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia[online]. 38: 226-237.Google Scholar
PYM, R.A.E. and SOLVYNS, A.J. (1979) Selection for feed conversion in broilers: body composition of birds selected for increased body-weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. British Poultry Science 20: 87-97.Google Scholar
REECE, F.N. and LOTT, B.D. (1982) The effect of environmental temperature on sensible and latent heat production of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 61: 1590-1593.Google Scholar
ROSE, S.P., FIELDEN, M., FOOTE, W.R. and GARDIN, P. (1995) Sequential feeding of whole wheat to growing broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 36: 97-111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROUSH, W.B., CRAVENER, T.L. and ZHANG, F. (1996) Computer formulation observations and caveats. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5: 116-125.Google Scholar
ROUSH, W.B., PURSWELL, J.L. and BRANTON, S.L. (2007) An adjustable nutrient margin of safety comparison using linear and stochastic programming in an excel spreadsheet. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 514-520.Google Scholar
SENKOYLU, N. and DALE, N. (1999) Sunflower meal in poultry diets: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 55: 153-174.Google Scholar
SINGH, P.M. and NAGRA, S.S. (2011) Effect of day-old chick weight and gender on the performance of commercial broiler. Indian Journal of Animal Science 76. ISSN 0367-8318. Available at: http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJAnS/article/view/4546. Date accessed: 15 May. 2016.Google Scholar
VAN BEEK, G. and BEEKING, F.F.E. (1995) A simple steady state model of the distribution of vertical temperature in broiler houses without internal air circulation. British Poultry Science 36: 341-356.Google Scholar
WATHES, C.M. and CLARK, J.A. (1981) Sensible heat transfer from the fowl: radiative and convective heat losses from a flock of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 22: 185-196.Google Scholar
WEAVER, W.D. (Jr) and MEIJERHOF, R. (1991) The effect of different levels of relative humidity and air movement on litter conditions, ammonia levels, growth and carcass quality for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 70: 746-755.Google Scholar
XIN, H., BERRY, I.L., TABLER, G.T. and BARTON, T.L. (1994) Temperature and humidity profiles of broiler houses with experimental, conventional and tunnel ventilation systems. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10: 535-542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ZUIDHOF, M.J., SCHNEIDER, B.L., CARNEY, V.L., KORVER, D.R. and ROBINSON, F.E. (2014) Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science 93: 2970-2982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZUIDHOF, M.J., FEDORAK, M.V., OUELLETTE, C.A. and WENGER, I.I. (2017) Precision feeding: Innovative management of broiler breeder feed intake and flock uniformity. Poultry Science 96: 2254-2263.Google Scholar