¹ Tony Ballantyne, “Mr. Peal’s Archive: Mobility and Exchange in Histories of Empire,” in Antoinette Burton, ed., Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History (Durham, 2005), 87–110.

² Tony Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire (Basingstoke, 2002), 15.

³ Tony Ballantyne, Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World (Durham, 2006), especially chapter 2.

⁴ Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill, 1994); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: the ‘manly Englishman’ and the ‘effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester, 1995); Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Colony and Metropole in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 (Chicago, 2002). Elements of this approach had been anticipated in the final chapter of Catherine Hall, White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History (Cambridge, Eng., 1992).

⁵ Two examples of historians work were Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race and Zoë Laidlaw, Colonial Connections, 1815–45: Patronage, the Information Revolution and Colonial Government (Manchester, 2005). Key works by historical geographers include: Alan Lester, Imperial Networks: Creating Identities in Nineteenth-Century South Africa and Britain (London, 2001), and “Imperial Circuits and Networks: Geographies of the British Empire,” History Compass 4, no. 1 (January 2006): 124–41; Alan Lester and David Lambert eds, Colonial Lives Across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Eng., 2006).

⁶ Most notably, Dilip Hiro, Black British, White British (London, 1971); Rozina Visram, Ayahs, Lascars, and Princes: Indians in Britain, 1700–1947 (London, 1986); Paul Gilroy, There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (London, 1987).

⁷ Catherine Hall, Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Katie Donington, and Rachel Lang, Legacies of British Slave-Ownership: Colonial Slavery and the Formation of Victorian Britain (Cambridge, Eng., 2014); David Olusoga, Black and British: a Forgotten History (London, 2018); Sathnam Sanghera, Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain (London, 2021).

⁸ Jane Carey and Jane Lydon, eds, Indigenous Networks: Mobility, Connections and Exchange (New York, 2014); Rachel Standfield, ed., Indigenous Mobilities: Across and Beyond the Antipodes (Acton, Australia, 2018).

⁹ Mark von Hagen, “Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism,” in Catherine Evtuhov and Boris Gasparov, eds., Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire (Moscow, 1997), 397.

¹⁰ John Randolph and Eugene M. Avrutin, eds, Russia in Motion: Cultures of Human Mobility since 1850 (Urbana, Illinois, 2012; Sylvia Sztern, Russia on the Move: Railroads and the Exodus from Compulsory Collectivism, 1861–1914 (Cham, Switzerland, 2022); Anne Lounsbery, “The World on the Back of a Fish: Mobility, Immobility, and Economics in ‘Oblomov,’” The Russian Review 70, no. 1 (January 2011): 43–64. A broader set of perspectives that include Russia is Róisín Healy, ed., Mobility in the Russian, Central and East European Past (London, 2019).

¹¹ William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1992), 384.

¹² Charles Steinwedel, Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917 (Bloomington, 2016), 8.

¹³ Steinwedel, Threads of Empire, 8, 37–8, 65–7, 80, 248, 254; Karen Barkey, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, Eng., 2008).

¹⁴ Barkey, Empire of Difference, 10.