Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-gtc7z Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2025-12-02T11:04:42.345Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2025

David L. Weimer
David L. Weimer
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Negotiating Values
Implementing Change in the Allocation of Transplant Organs
 , pp. 215 - 239
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adler, Joel T., Husain, Syed A., King, Kristen L., and Mohan, Sumit. 2021. Greater Complexity and Monitoring of the New Kidney Allocation System: Implications and Unintended Consequences of Concentric Circle Kidney Allocation on Network Complexity. American Journal of Transplantation 21(6), 2007–2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agranoff, Robert. 2007. Managing Within Networks: Adding Value to Public Organizations (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press).Google Scholar
Ahmed, Tasnim. 2018. A Leap to Hybrid Governance for European Union Healthcare on Organ Donations. Journal of Law and Health 31(1), 118–144.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Ebbini, Lina, Oztekin, Asil, and Chen, Yao. 2016. FLAS: Fuzzy Lung Allocation System for US-Based Transplantations. European Journal of Operational Research 248(3), 1051–1065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcorn, James. 2023a. Senior Policy Strategist, UNOS. Communication May 17.Google Scholar
Alcorn, James. 2023b. Senior Policy Strategist, UNOS. Interview January 6.Google Scholar
Alcorn, James. 2022. Senior Policy Strategist, UNOS. Communication July 21.Google Scholar
Alcorn, James. 2021. Senior Policy Strategist, UNOS. Interview May 18.Google Scholar
Ansell, Chris, and Gash, Alison. 2008. Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(4), 543–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armenakis, Achilles A., and Bedeian, Arthur G.. 1999. Organizational Change: A Review of Theory and Research in the 1990s. Journal of Management 25(3), 293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons).Google Scholar
Arthur, Brian. 1994. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asrani, Sumeet K., Saracino, Giovanna, O’Leary, Jacqueline G., Gonzales, Stevan, Kim, Peter T., McKenna, Greg J., Klintmalm, Goran, and Trotter, James. 2018. Recipient Characteristics and Morbidity and Mortality After Liver Transplantation. Journal of Hepatology 69(1), 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayres, Ian, Dooley, Laura G., and Gaston, Robert S.. 1993. Unequal Racial Access to Kidney Transplantation. Vanderbilt Law Review 46(4), 805–863.Google ScholarPubMed
Balsano, Clara, Burra, Patrizia, Duvoux, Christophe, Alisi, Anna, Piscaglia, Fabio, Gerussi, Alessio, Brunetto, Maurizia Rossana et al. 2023. Artificial Intelligence and Liver: Opportunities and Barriers. Digestive and Liver Disease 55(11), 1455–1461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnhill‐Dilling, S. Kathleen, Kokotovich, Adam, and Delborne, Jason A.. 2021. The Decision Phases Framework for Public Engagement: Engaging Stakeholders About Gene Editing in the Wild. Hastings Center Report 51(6), S48–S61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumard, Philippe. 1999. Tacit Knowledge in Organizations (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekbolsynov, Dulat, Mierzejewska, Beata, Borucka, Jadwiga, Liwski, Robert S., Greenshields, Anna L., Breidenbach, Joshua, Gehring, Bradley et al. 2020. Low Hydrophobic Mismatch Scores Calculated for HLA-A/B/DR/DQ Loci Improve Kidney Allograft Survival. Frontiers in Immunology 11(October), Article 580752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentley, T. Scott, and Ortner, Nick J.. 2020. 2020 U.S. Organ and Tissue Transplants: Cost Estimates, Discussion, and Emerging Issues. Milliman Research Report, January 2020.Google Scholar
Bertsimas, Dimitris, Kung, Jerry, Trichakis, Nikolaos, Wang, Yuchen, Hirose, Ryutaro, and Vagefi, Parsia A.. 2019. Development and Validation of an Optimized Prediction of Mortality for Candidates Awaiting Liver Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 19(4), 1109–1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertsimas, Dimitris, Papalexopoulos, Theodore, Trichakis, Nikolaos, Wang, Yuchen, Hirose, Ryutaro, and Vagefi, Parsia A.. 2020. Balancing Efficiency and Fairness in Liver Transplant Access: Tradeoff Curves for the Assessment of Organ Distribution Policies. Transplantation 104(5), 981–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bevan, Gwyn. 2010. Performance Measurement of “Knights” and “Knaves”: Differences in Approaches and Impacts in British Countries After Devolution. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 12(1–2), 33–56.Google Scholar
Bimber, Bruce. 1996. The Politics of Expertise in Congress (Albany, NY: State University of New York).Google Scholar
Bittermann, Therese, George, Makar, and David, Goldberg. 2012. Exception Point Applications for 15 Points: An Unintended Consequence of the Share 15 Policy. Liver Transplantation 18(11), 1302–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boardman, Anthony E, Greenberg, David H., Vining, Aidan R., and Weimer, David L.. 2018. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice 5th ed. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brar, A., Babakhani, A., Salifu, M. O., and Jindal, R. M.. 2014. Evaluation of Non-adherence in Patients Undergoing Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation: United States Transplantation Practice Patterns Survey. Transplantation Proceedings 46(5), 1340–1346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braveman, Paula, and Gottlieb, Laura. 2014. The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes. Public Health Reports 129(1), 19–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, Mark B. 2009. Science in Democracy: Expertise, Institutions, and Representation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, John M. 2018. Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations 5th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons).Google Scholar
Bryson, John M. 2010. The Future of Public and Nonprofit Strategic Planning in the United States. Public Administration Review 70(s1), s255–s267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbano, Vanessa C., and Ostler, James. 2021. Differences in Consumer-Benefiting Misconduct by Nonprofit, For-profit, and Public Organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 166(September), 117–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdick, James F. 2001. A General Approach to Broader Sharing in Organ Allocation. Transplantation 72(5), 759–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bustos, Edgar O. 2021. Organizational Reputation in the Public Administration: A Systematic Literature Review. Public Administration Review 81(4), 731–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cafarella, Matthew. 2023. Former OPTN staff for the Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. September 25.Google Scholar
Campbell, Donald T., and Stanley, Julian C.. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research (Genevia, IL: Houghton Mifflin Company).Google Scholar
Carpenter, Daniel P. 2010. Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Carpenter, Daniel P. 2004. The Political Economy of FDA Drug Review: Processing, Politics, and Lessons for Policy. Health Affairs 23(1), 52–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, Daniel P. 2001. The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Carpenter, Daniel P., and Krause, George A.. 2012. Reputation and Public Administration. Public Administration Review 72(1), 26–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandraker, Anil, Andreoni, Kenneth A., Gaston, Robert S., Gill, John, Locke, Jayme E., Mathur, Amit K., Norman, Douglas J. et al. 2019. Time for Reform in Transplant Program–Specific Reporting: AST/ASTS Transplant Metrics Taskforce. American Journal of Transplantation 19(7), 1888–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheit, Ross. 1990. Setting Safety Standards: Regulation in the Public and Private Sectors (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Xingxing S., Han, Jialin, Braggs-Gresham, Jennifer L., Held, Philip J., Busque, Stephan, Roberts, John P., Tan, Jane C., Scandling, John D., Chertow, Glenn M., and Dor, Avi. 2022. Trends in Cost Attributable to Kidney Transplantation Evaluation and Waiting List Management in the United States, 2012–2017. JAMA Network Open 5(3), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Xingxing S., Held, Philip J., Dor, Avi, Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L., Tan, Jane C., Scandling, John D., Chertow, Glenn M., and Roberts, John P.. 2021. The Organ Procurement Costs of Expanding Deceased Donor Organ Acceptance Criteria: Evidence from a Cost Function Model. American Journal of Transplantation 21(11), 3694–3703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cihon, Peter, Maas, Matthijs M., and Kemp, Luke. 2020. Should Artificial Intelligence Governance Be Centralised? Design Lessons from History. In Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 228–234.Google Scholar
Choi, Ashley Y., Mulvihill, Michael S., Lee, Hui-Jie, Zhao, Congwen, Kuchibhatla, Maragatha, Schroder, Jacob N., Patel, Chetan B., Granger, Christopher B., and Hartwig, Matthew G.. 2020. Transplant Center Variability in Organ Offer Acceptance and Mortality among US Patients on the Heart Transplant Waitlist. JAMA Cardiology 5(6), 660–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choo, Chun Wei. 2006. The Knowing Organization: How Organizations Use Information to Construct Meaning, Create Knowledge, and Make Decisions 2nd ed. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Choubey, Ankur Pranjal, Siskind, Eric J., Ortiz, Alex C., Nayebpour, Mehdi, Koizumi, Naoru, Wiederhold, Paul, and Ortiz, Jorge. 2020. Disparities in DCD Organ Procurement Policy from a National OPO Survey: A Call for Standardization. Clinical Transplantation 34(4), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champagne, Richard A., and Rosenberg, Alex. 2020. The First Virtual Meeting of the Wisconsin State Legislature. Legislative Reference Bureau Reports 4(10), 1–11.Google Scholar
Christensen, Johan. 2021. Expert Knowledge and Policymaking: A Multi-Disciplinary Research Agenda. Policy & Politics 49(3), 455–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinar, Emre, Trott, Paul, and Simms, Christopher. 2021. An International Exploration of Barriers and Tactics in the Public Sector Innovation Process. Public Management Review 23(3), 326–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinar, Emre, Trott, Paul, and Simms, Christopher. 2019. A Systematic Review of Barriers to Public Sector Innovation Process. Public Management Review 21(2), 264–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. B., Shults, J., Goldberg, D. S., Abt, P. L., Sawinski, D. L., and Reese, P. P.. 2018. Kidney Allograft Offers: Predictors of Turndown and the Impact of Late Organ Acceptance on Allograft Survival. American Journal of Transplantation 18(20), 391–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, Harry. 2004. Interactional Expertise as a Third Kind of Knowledge. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3(2), 125–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Harry, and Evans, Robert. 2009. Rethinking Expertise (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Colvin‐Adams, M., Valapour, M., Hertz, M., Heubner, B., Paulson, K., Dhungel, V., Skeans, M. A., Edwards, L., Ghimire, V., Waller, C., and Cherikh, W. S.. 2012. Lung and Heart Allocation in the United States. American Journal of Transplantation 12(12), 3213–3234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Concepcion, Beatrice P., Harhay, Meera, Ruterbories, Jay, Finn, Jan, Wiseman, Alex, Cooper, Matthew, Mohan, Sumit, and Doshi, Mona D.. 2023. Current Landscape of Kidney Allocation: Organ Procurement Organization Perspectives. Clinical Transplantation 37(April), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, D. Ryan, Staschak, Sandra, and Green, William T.. 1990. Equitable Allocation of Livers for Orthotopic Transplantation: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research 48(1): 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cron, David C., Husain, Syed A., and Adler, Joel T.. 2022. The New Distance-Based Kidney Allocation System: Implications for Patients, Transplant Centers, and Organ Procurement Organizations. Current Transplantation Reports 9(4), 302–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosby, Barbara C., and Bryson, John M.. 2010. Integrative Leadership and the Creation and Maintenance of Cross-Sector Collaborations. Leadership Quarterly 21(2), 211–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dageforde, Leigh Anne, English, Rebecca A., and Kizer, Kenneth W.. 2023. Achieving Equity in Organ Transplantation: Recommendations for Action Based on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report. Transplantation 107(2), 291–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, Rikki John. 2017. Beyond Radicalism and Resignation: The Competing Logics for Public Participation in Policy Decisions. Policy & Politics 45(2), 213–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bruijn, Johan A., and ten Heuvelhof, Ernst F.. 1995. Policy Networks and Governance. In Weimer, David L., ed., Institutional Design (Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers), 161–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DuBay, D. A., MacLennan, P. A., Reed, R. D., Fouad, M., Martin, M., Meeks, C. B., Taylor, G. et al. 2015. The Impact of Proposed Changes in Liver Allocation Policy on Cold Ischemia Times and Organ Transportation Costs. American Journal of Transplantation 15(2), 541–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutkowski, Philipp, Schlegel, Andrea, Slankamenac, Ksenija, Oberkofler, Christian E., Adam, Rene, Burroughs, Andrew K., Schadde, Eric, Müllhaupt, Beat, and Clavien, Pierre-Alain. 2012. The Use of Fatty Liver Grafts in Modern Allocation Systems: Risk Assessment by the Balance of Risk (BAR) Score. Annals of Surgery 256(5), 861–869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, Eric B., and Harper, Ann. 1996. Liver Allocation Policy in the United States, 1987– 1996. Public Access File, Log No. 51. Committee on Organ Procurement and Transplantation Policy. Washington, DC: National Research Council.Google Scholar
Elwir, Saleh, and Lake, John. 2016. Current Status of Liver Allocation in the United States. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12(3), 166–170.Google ScholarPubMed
Emmons, Brendan R., Ali Husain, S., King, Kristen L., Adler, Joel T., and Mohan, Sumit. 2021. Variations in Deceased Donor Kidney Procurement Biopsy Practice Patterns: A Survey of US Organ Procurement Organizations. Clinical Transplantation 35(9), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, Sergio, and Rainey, Hal G.. 2006. Managing Successful Organizational Change in the Public Sector. Public Administration Review 66(2), 168–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, Frank. 2009. Democracy and Expertise: Reorienting Policy Inquiry (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frant, Howard. 1996. High-Powered and Low-Powered Incentives in the Public Sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6(3), 365–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fremeth, Adam R., Holburn, Guy L. F., and Spiller, Pablo T.. 2014. The Impact of Consumer Advocates on Regulatory Policy in the Electric Utility Sector. Public Choice 161, 157–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry-Revere, Sigrid. 2014. The Kidney Sellers: A Journey of Discovery in Iran (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press).Google Scholar
Fu, Rui, Sekercioglu, Nigar, Berta, Whitney, and Coyte, Peter C.. 2020. Cost-Effectiveness of Deceased-Donor Renal Transplant Versus Dialysis to Treat End-Stage Renal Disease: A Systematic Review. Transplantation Direct 6(2), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gassner, Drorit, and Gofen, Anat. 2018. Street-Level Management: A Clientele-Agent Perspective on Implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 28(4), 551–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, Robert S., Ayres, Ian, Dooley, Laura G., and Diethelm, Arnold G.. 1993. Racial Equity in Renal Transplantation: The Disparate Impact of HLA-Based Allocation. Journal of the American Medical Association 270(11), 1352–1356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentry, Sommer E., Chow, E. K. H., Dzebisashvili, N., Schnitzler, M. A., Lentine, K. L., Wickliffe, C. E., Shteyn, E. et al. 2016. The Impact of Redistricting Proposals on Health Care Expenditures for Liver Transplant Candidates and Recipients. American Journal of Transplantation 16(2), 583–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentry, Sommer E., Chow, Eric K. H., Wickliffe, Corey E., Massie, Allan B., Leighton, Tabitha, and Segev, Dorry L.. 2014. Impact of Broader Sharing on the Transport Time for Deceased Donor Livers. Liver Transplantation 20(10), 1237–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giacoma, Tracy, Ayvaci, Mehmet U. S., Gaston, Robert S., Mejia, Alejandro, and Tanriover, Bekir. 2020. Transplant Physician and Surgeon Compensation: A Sample Framework Accounting for Nonbillable and Value‐based Work. American Journal of Transplantation 20(3), 641–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gimson, Alexander. 2020. Development of a UK Liver Transplantation Selection and Allocation Scheme. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 25(2), 126–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godfrey, Elizabeth L., Malik, Tahir H., Lai, Jennifer C., Mindikoglu, Ayse L., Thao, N. Galván, N., Cotton, Ronald T., O’Mahony, Christine A., Goss, John A., and Rana, Abbas. 2019. The Decreasing Predictive Power of MELD in an Era of Changing Etiology of Liver Disease. American Journal of Transplantation 19(12), 3299–3307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goel, Aparna, Ray Kim, W., Pyke, Joshua, Schladt, David P., Kasiske, Bertram L., Snyder, Jon J., Lake, John R., and Israni, Ajay K.. 2018. Liver Simulated Allocation Modeling: Were the Predictions Accurate for Share 35? Transplantation 102(5), 769–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gofen, Anat. 2014. Mind the Gap: Dimensions and Influence of Street-Level Divergence. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 24(2), 473–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gofen, Anat, and Weimer, David L. 2020. Finding Gold in the Dross: Outlierism as a Resource for Policy Analysis. In Vigoda-Gadot, Eran and Vashdi, Dana, eds., Research Methods in Public Administration, Management and Policy: Breaking New Frontiers (Edward Elgar Publishing), 377–394.Google Scholar
Goldberg, David, Doby, Brianna, Siminoff, Laura, Shah, Malay, and Lynch, Raymond. 2020. Rejecting Bias: The Case Against Race Adjustment for OPO Performance in Communities of Color. American Journal of Transplantation 20(9), 2337–2342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, David S., French, Benjamin, Lewis, James D., Scott, Frank I., Mamtani, Ronac, Gilroy, Richard, Halpern, Scott D., and Abt, Peter L.. 2016. Liver Transplant Center Variability in Accepting Organ Offers and Its Impact on Patient Survival. Journal of Hepatology 64(4), 843–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, David, Karp, Seth, Shah, Malay B., Dubay, Derek, and Lynch, Raymond. 2019. Importance of Incorporating Standardized, Verifiable, Objective Metrics of Organ Procurement Organization Performance into Discussions About Organ Allocation. American Journal of Transplantation 19(11), 2973–2978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, David S., Lahrman, Darren D., and Wadsworth, Matthew. 2023. Procurement of Pancreatic Tissue for Research from Deceased Donors Before vs After the CMS Final Rule in 2020. JAMA Network Open 6(9), 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, David, Mantero, Alejandro, Newcomb, Craig, Delgado, Cindy, Forde, Kimberly, Kaplan, David, John, Binu et al. 2021a. Development and Validation of a Model to Predict Long‐Term Survival After Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplantation 27(6), 797–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, David, Mantero, Alejandro, Newcomb, Craig, Delgado, Cindy, Forde, Kimberly A., Kaplan, David E., John, Binu et al. 2021b. Predicting Survival After Liver Transplantation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma using the LiTES-HCC Score. Journal of Hepatology 74(6), 1398–1406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gormley, William T. Jr 1983. Policy, Politics, and Public Utility Regulation. American Journal of Political Science 27(1), 86–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gormley, William T., and Weimer, David L.. 1999. Organizational Report Cards (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 1992. Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. International Organization 46(1), 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. 1998. The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance: Structure and Sequence in the Development of British, Canadian, and U.S. Medical Policy. Studies in American Political Development 12(1), 57–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Kathleen. 2011. How Information Matters: Networks and Public Policy Intervention (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press).Google Scholar
Hasanin, Mohsen, Dubay, Derek A., McGuire, Brendan M., Schiano, Thomas, and Singal, Ashwani K.. 2015. Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Survey of Liver Transplant Centers. Liver Transplantation 21(11), 1449–1452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haugen, Christine E., Ishaque, Tanveen, Sapirstein, Abel, Cauneac, Alexander, Segev, Dorry L., and Gentry, Sommer. 2019. Geographic Disparities in Liver Supply/Demand Ratio Within Fixed-Distance and Fixed-Population Circles. American Journal of Transplantation 19(7), 2044–2052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayek, F. A. 1945. Use of Knowledge in Society. American Economic Review 35(4), 519–530.Google Scholar
Held, Philip J., Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L., Peters, Thomas, Chertow, Glen M., McCormick, Frank, and Roberts, John P.. 2020. The Cost of Procuring Deceased Donor Kidneys: Evidence from OPO Cost Reports 2013–2017. American Journal of Transplantation 20(4), 1087–1094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himelfarb, Richard. 1995. Catastrophic Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press).Google Scholar
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2007. Institutions and Individuals: Interaction and Evolution. Organization Studies 28(1), 95–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogle, Linda F. 1999. Recovering the Nation’s Body: Cultural Memory, Medicine, and the Politics of Redemption (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).Google Scholar
Hopf, Ted. 2010. The Logic of Habit in International Relations. European Journal of International Relations 16(4), 539–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horwich, George, Jenkins-Smith, Hank, and Weimer, David L.. 1988. The International Energy Agency’s Mandatory Oil Sharing Agreement: Tests of Efficiency, Equity, and Practicality. In Horwich, George and Weimer, David L., eds., Responding to International Oil Crises (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research), 104–133.Google Scholar
Hudson, A., Bradbury, L., Johnson, R., Fuggle, S. V., Shaw, J. A. M., Casey, J. J., Friend, P. J., and Watson, C. J. E.. 2015. The UK Pancreas Allocation Scheme for Whole Organ and Islet Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 15(9), 2443–2455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huesch, Marco D. 2012. One and Done? Equality of Opportunity and Repeated Access to Scarce, Indivisible Medical Resources. BMC Medical Ethics 13 May, 1–13.Google Scholar
Husain, S. Ali, King, Kristen L., Pastan, Stephen, Patzer, Rachel E., Cohen, David J., Radhakrishnan, Jai, and Mohan, Sumit. 2019. Association between Declined Offers of Deceased Donor Kidney Allograft and Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Candidates. JAMA Network Open 2(8), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ijzerman, Maarten J., Van Til, Janine A., and Bridges, John F. P.. 2012. A Comparison of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Conjoint Analysis Methods in Assessing Treatment Alternatives for Stroke Rehabilitation. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research 5(1), 45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 1999. Organ Procurement and Transplantation: Assessing Current Policies and the Potential Impact of the DHHS Final Rule (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).Google Scholar
Ishizaka, Alessio, and Labib, Ashraf. 2011. Review of the Main Developments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Expert Systems with Applications 38(11), 14336–14345.Google Scholar
Jadav, Paresh, Mohan, Sumit, and Husain, Syed Ali. 2021, Role of Deceased Donor Kidney Procurement Biopsies in Organ Allocation. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 30(5), 571–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., Nohrstedt, Daniel, Weible, Christopher M., and Sabatier, Paul A.. 2014. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Foundations, Evolution, and Ongoing Research. In Sabatier, Paul A. and Weible, Christopher M., eds. Theories of the Policy Process (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), 183–224.Google Scholar
Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., and Sabatier, Paul A.. 1994. Evaluating the Advocacy Coalition Framework. Journal of Public Policy 14(2), 175–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, Ann Campbell. 2009. Science in Environmental Policy: The Politics of Objective Advice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, W. Ray, Mannalithara, Ajitha, Heimbach, Julie K., Kamath, Patrick S., Asrani, Sumeet K., Biggins, Scott W., Wood, Nicholas L., Gentry, Sommer E., and Kwong, Allison J.. 2021. MELD 3.0: The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era. Gastroenterology 161(6), 1887–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kind, Amy J. H., and Buckingham, William R.. 2018. Making Neighborhood-Disadvantage Metrics Accessible—The Neighborhood Atlas. New England Journal of Medicine 378(26), 2456–2458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Kristen L., Ali Husain, S., Miko, Yu, Adler, Joel T., Schold, Jesse, and Mohan, Sumit. 2023. Characterization of Transplant Center Decisions to Allocate Kidneys to Candidates With Lower Waiting List Priority. JAMA Network Open 6(6), 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, Kristen L., Ali Husain, S., Cohen, David J., Schold, Jesse D., and Mohan, Sumit. 2022a. The Role of Bypass Filters in Deceased Donor Kidney Allocation in the United States. American Journal of Transplantation 22(6), 1593–1602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, Kristen L., Ali Husain, S., Perotte, Adler, Adler, Joel T., Schold, Jesse D., and Mohan, Sumit. 2022b. Deceased Donor Kidneys Allocated Out of Sequence by Organ Procurement Organizations. American Journal of Transplantation 22(5), 1372–1381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klaiber, H. Allen, and Smith, V. Kerry. 2012. Developing General Equilibrium Benefit Analyses for Social Programs: An Introduction and Example. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 3(2), 1–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, W. Ray, Mannalithara, Ajitha, Heimbach, Julie K., Kamath, Patrick S., Asrani, Sumeet K., Biggins, Scott W., Wood, Nicholas L., Gentry, Sommer E., and Kwong, Allison J.. 2021. MELD 3.0: The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Updated for the Modern Era. Gastroenterology 161(6), 1887–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, Kristen L., Ali Husain, S., Cohen, David J., and Mohan, Sumit. 2019. Deceased Donor Kidneys Are Harder to Place on the Weekend. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 14(6), 904–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klijn, Erik‐Hans, Koppenjan, Joop, and Termeer, Katrien. 1995. Managing Networks in the Public Sector: A Theoretical Study of Management Strategies in Policy Networks. Public Administration 73(3), 437–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kling, Catherine E., Perkins, James D., Biggins, Scott W., Wall, Anji E., and Reyes, Jorge D.. 2022. Building a Utility-Based Liver Allocation Model in Preparation for Continuous Distribution. Transplantation Direct 8(2), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koniakou, Vasiliki. 2023. From the “Rush to Ethics” to the “Race for Governance” in Artificial Intelligence. Information Systems Frontiers 25(1), 71–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kransdorf, Evan P., and Pando, Marcelo J.. 2017. Calculated Panel Reactive Antibody with Decimals: A Refined Metric of Access to Transplantation for Highly Sensitized Candidates. Human Immunology 78(3), 252–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krick, Eva. 2022. Citizen Experts in Participatory Governance: Democratic and Epistemic Assets of Service User Involvement, Local Knowledge and Citizen Science. Current Sociology 70(7), 994–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krick, Eva. 2021. Expertise and Participation: Institutional Designs for Policy Development in Europe (Cham, CH: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuipers, Ben S., Higgs, Malcolm, Kickert, Walter, Tummers, Lars, Grandia, Jolien, and Van der Voet, Joris. 2014. The Management of Change in Public Organizations: A Literature Review. Public Administration 92(1), 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langbein, Laura I. 2002. Responsive Bureaus, Equity, and Regulatory Negotiation: An Empirical View. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21(3), 449–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langbein, Laura I., and Kerwin, Cornelius M.. 2000. Regulatory Negotiation versus Conventional Rule Making: Claims, Counter Claims, and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10(3), 599–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langer, R. M., Cohen, B., and Rahmel, A.. 2012. History of Eurotransplant. Transplantation Proceedings 44(7), 2130–2131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavertu, Stéphane, and Weimer, David L. 2011. Federal Advisory Committees, Policy Expertise, and the Approval of Drugs and Medical Devices at the FDA. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21(2), 211–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavertu, Stéphane, Walters, Daniel, and Weimer, David L.. 2012. Scientific Expertise and the Balance of Political Interests: MEDCAC and Medicare Coverage Decisions. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22(1), 55–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lease, Erika. 2022a. Continuous Distribution: Lessons Learned from Lung. Presentation by Past Chair, Lung Transplantation Committee, to the Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. July 22.Google Scholar
Lease, Erika. 2022b. Interview. October 6.Google Scholar
Lebret, Audrey. 2023. Allocating Organs Through Algorithms and Equitable Access to Transplantation—A European Human Rights Law Approach. Journal of Law and the Biosciences 10(1), 1–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehr, Carli J., Skeans, Melissa, and Valapour, Maryam. 2020. Validating Thoracic Simulated Allocation Model Predictions for Impact of Broader Geographic Sharing of Donor Lungs on Transplant Waitlist Outcomes. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 39(5), 433–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lentine, Krista L., Naik, Abhijit S., Schnitzler, Mark A., Randall, Henry, Wellen, Jason R., Kasiske, Bertram L., Marklin, Gary et al. 2019. Variation in Use of Procurement Biopsies and Its Implications for Discard of Deceased Donor Kidneys Recovered for Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 19(8), 2241–2251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberatore, Matthew J., and Nydick, Robert L.. 2008. The Analytic Hierarchy Process in Medical and Health Care Decision Making: A Literature Review. European Journal of Operational Research 189(1), 194–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Wai H., Chapman, Jeremy R., Coates, Patrick T., Lewis, Joshua R., Russ, Graeme R., Watson, Narelle, Holdsworth, Rhonda, and Wong, Germaine. 2016. HLA-DQ Mismatches and Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11(5), 875–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, Carol S., and Harris, Shannon L.. 2013. A Unified Framework for the Prioritization of Organ Transplant Patients: Analytic Hierarchy Process, Sensitivity and Multifactor Robustness Study. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis 20(3–4), 157–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipsky, Michael. 1980. Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation).Google Scholar
Lum, Erik L., Homkrailas, Piyavadee, Abdalla, Basmah, Danovitch, Gabriel M., and Bunnapradist, Suphamai. 2023. Cold Ischemia Time, Kidney Donor Profile Index, and Kidney Transplant Outcomes: A Cohort Study. Kidney Medicine 5(1), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, Raymond J. 2023. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health Care, Senate Finance Committee. July 20.Google Scholar
Lynch, Raymond J., Mathur, Amit K., Hundley, J. C., Kubus, James, Pietroski, Richard E., Mattice, B. J., Punch, Jeffery D., and Englesbe, Michael J.. 2009. Improving Organ Procurement Practices in Michigan. American Journal of Transplantation 9(10), 2416–2423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macchi, Amanda. 2020. Better Screening Accelerates Organ Offers: Using Organ Acceptance Data to Improve the Decision-Making Process. UNOS Innovation. June 18. https://unos.org/news/innovation/better-screening-accelerates-organ-offers/.Google Scholar
Majone, Giandomenico. 1996. Regulating Europe (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
Malamon, John S., Jackson, Whitney E., Saben, Jessica L., Conzen, Kendra, Schold, Jesse D., Pomposelli, James J., Pomfret, Elizabeth A., and Kaplan, Bruce. 2023. A Model for Calculating the Long-Term Estimated Post-Transplant Survival of Deceased Donor Liver Transplant Patients. eBioMedicine 90 April, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezrich, Joshua D. 2019. When Death Becomes Life: Notes from a Transplant Surgeon (New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers).Google Scholar
Miller, Clark A., and Muñoz-Erickson, Tischa A.. 2018. The Rightful Place of Science: Designing Knowledge (Tempe, AZ: Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes).Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, and Modernity (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Alfred. 2021. Three Models of Democratic Expertise. Perspectives on Politics 19(2), 553–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Logan Patrick, and Weimer, David L.. 2021. The Geography of Life and Death: Evidence and Values in the Evolution of US Liver Transplant Rules. World Medical & Health Policy 13(3), 526–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moynihan, Donald P. 2005. Goal-Based Learning and the Future of Performance Management. Public Administration Review 65(2), 203–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moynihan, Donald P., and Landuyt, Noel. 2009. How Do Public Organizations Learn? Bridging Cultural and Structural Perspectives. Public Administration Review 69(6), 1097–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyson, Stéphane, Scholten, Peter, and Weible, Christopher M.. 2017. Policy Learning and Policy Change: Theorizing Their Relations from Different Perspectives. Policy and Society 36(2), 161–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukamel, Dana B., Haeder, Simon F., and Weimer, David L.. 2014. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Health Care Quality: The Impacts of Regulation and Report Cards. Annual Review of Public Health 35, 477–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulvany, Chad. 2011. The Oracle Within MedPAC: When the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) Recommends, Congress Eventually Listens. Healthcare Financial Management 65(8), 44–47.Google Scholar
Mulvihill, Michael S., Lee, Hui J., Weber, Jeremy, Choi, Ashley Y., Cox, Morgan L., Yerokun, Babatunde A., Bishawi, Muath A., Klapper, Jacob, Kuchibhatla, Maragatha, and Hartwig, Matthew G.. 2020. Variability in Donor Organ Offer Acceptance and Lung Transplantation Survival. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 39(4), 353–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, Timothy F. 2004. Gaming the Transplant System. American Journal of Bioethics 4(1), 28–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Academies. 2021. Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies (Washington, DC: National Academies Press).Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2022. Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplantation System (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press).Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2008. Radiation Source Use and Replacement (Washington, DC: National Academies Press).Google Scholar
Natow, Rebecca. 2019. Negotiated Rulemaking for US Higher Education Regulatory Policy: A Process of Deliberative Democracy? Journal of Deliberative Democracy 15(1), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niazi, Shehzad K., Vargas, Emily, Spaulding, Aaron, Crook, Julia, Keaveny, Andrew P., Schneekloth, Terry, Rummans, Teresa, and Burcin Taner, C.. 2021. Impact of County Health Rankings on Nationwide Liver Transplant Outcomes. Transplantation 105(11), 2411–2419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niroomand, Elaheh, Mantero, Alejandro, Narasimman, Manasa, Delgado, Cindy, and Goldberg, David. 2020. Rapid Improvement in Organ Procurement Organization Performance: Potential for Change and Impact of New Leadership. American Journal of Transplantation 20(12), 3567–3573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nonaka, Ikujiro. 1994. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science 5(1), 14–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oğuz, Fuat. 2010. Hayek on Tacit Knowledge. Journal of Institutional Economics 6(2), 145–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, Kathryn, Lorenc, Theo, and Innvær, Simon. 2014. New Directions in Evidence-Based Policy Research: A Critical Analysis of the Literature. Health Research Policy and Systems 12(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsen, Johan P. 2009. Change and Continuity: An Institutional Approach to Institutions of Democratic Government. European Political Science Review 1(1), 3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OPTN. 2023. Continuous Distribution of Livers Winter 2023 Values Prioritization Exercise: Community Results.Google Scholar
OPTN. 2022a. Continuous Distribution Goals. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/policies-bylaws/a-closer-look/continuous-distribution/.Google Scholar
OPTN. 2022b. Comments on Summer Kidney/Pancreas Update. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/policies-bylaws/public-comment/continuous-distribution-of-kidneys-and-pancreata-update/#ProposalComments.Google Scholar
OPTN. 2022c. Continuous Distribution of Kidneys Winter 2022 Prioritization Exercise – Community Results. April 6. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/fodja1ag/2022-kidney-report-on-public-ahp-prioritization_508-compliant.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN. 2022d. Continuous Distribution of Pancreata Winter 2022 Prioritization Exercise – Community Results. April 7. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/qrxnpv4n/2022-pancreas-report-on-public-ahp-prioritization_508-compliant.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN. 2020. Continuous Distribution of Lungs. Summer 2020 Prioritization Exercise – Community Results. October 15. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/4157/2020-10_report_community_ahp_prioritization.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN. 2019. Elimination of DSA and Region from Kidney Allocation Policy: Briefing to the OPTN Board of Directors. December 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/3406/kidney_bp-update-121019.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN. n.d. a. Continuous Distribution. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/policies-bylaws/a-closer-look/continuous-distribution/.Google Scholar
OPTN. n.d. b. Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) Guide for Clinicians. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/professionals/by-topic/guidance/kidney-donor-profile-index-kdpi-guide-for-clinicians/.Google Scholar
OPTN Ad Hoc Geography Committee. 2018a. Public Comment Proposal: Frameworks for Organ Distribution. August 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2565/geography_publiccomment_201808.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Ad Hoc Geography Committee. 2018b. Briefing Paper: Frameworks for Organ Distribution. December 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2762/geography_boardreport_201812.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Board of Directors Meeting. 2023. September 5. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/cr5ft5si/20230905_board-of-directors_meeting-summary.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Board of Directors Meeting. 2018a. June 11–12. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2605/board_executivesummary_201806.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Board of Directors Meeting. 2018b. December 3–4. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2787/board_executivesummary_201812.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Ethics Committee. 2023. Ethical Analysis of Normothermic Regional Perfusion (NRP), July 27. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/unfj5nvq/ethical-implications-of-normothermic-regional-perfusion_pcsummer2023.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Ethics Committee. 2021. Public Comment: Ethical Implications of Continuous Distribution in Organ Allocation, August 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/governance/public-comment/ethical-considerations-of-continuous-distribution-in-organ-allocation/.Google Scholar
OPTN Executive Committee. 2022. Concept Paper: Redesign Map of OPTN Regions. January 27. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/zyybn2mn/redesign-map-of-optn-region_20210126_winter-2022-pc.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Expeditious Town Hall. 2023. Recording of OPTN Task Force Town Hall Regarding Organ Usage and Placement Efficiency, October 2. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/news/recording-of-optn-task-force-town-hall-regarding-organ-usage-and-placement-efficiency/.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney Transplantation Committee. 2025. Update on the Continuous Distribution of Kidneys, Winter. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/policies-bylaws/public-comment/continuous-distribution-of-kidneys-winter-2025/?j=1149073&sfmc_sub=87171438&l=7074_HTML&u=70496968&mid=100001876&jb=2002.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney Transplantation Committee. 2019. Eliminate the Use of DSA and Region in Kidney Allocation Policy, December. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/policies-bylaws/public-comment/eliminate-the-use-of-dsa-and-region-in-kidney-allocation-policy/.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Committees. 2023. Efficiency and Utilization in Kidney and Pancreas Continuous Distribution: Request for Feedback. July 27. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/445objk1/kipa_cd-rff_pcsummer2023.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Committees. 2022a. Update on Continuous Distribution of Kidneys and Pancreata. January 27. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/qlhbtadp/continuous-distribution-of-kidneys-and-pancreata-request-for-feedback_winter-2022-pc.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Committees. 2022b. Committee Update: Update on Continuous Distribution of Kidneys and Pancreata. August 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/ha2mpuor/continuous-distribution-of-kidneys-and-pancreata_comm-update_summer-2022.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Committees. 2021. Concept Paper: Continuous Distribution of Kidneys and Pancreata Concept Paper. August 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/4776/continuous_distribution_of_kidneys_and-pancreata_concept_paper.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney Transplantation Committee. 2020. Addressing Medically Urgent Candidates in the New Kidney Allocation System, Briefing to the OPTN Board of Directors. June 8. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/3813/202006_kidney_medical_urgency_bp.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Kidney Tableau. n.d. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/optn.committees/viz/ContinuousDistributionofKidney/Home.Google Scholar
OPTN Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. 2023. Update on Continuous Distribution of Livers and Intestines: Request for Feedback. January 19. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/zc3lti1y/continuous-distribution-of-livers-and-intestines_liver_pc_winter-2023.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. 2022. Review of Liver and Intestine Variances in OPTN Policy. Public Comment Proposal. August 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/jknjmlsa/review-of-liver-and-intestine-variances-in-optn-policy_liver_pc-summer-2022.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. 2016a. Redesigning Liver Distribution. August 15. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1913/liver_redesigning_liver_distribution_20160815.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. 2016b. Report to the Board of Directors. December 5–6. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1995/liver_boardreport_201612.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Liver and Intestinal Organ Transplantation Committee. 2014. Concept Paper: Redesigning Liver Distribution to Reduce Variation in Access to Liver Transplantation. June 16. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1269/liver_concepts_2014.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Lung Tableau. n.d. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/optn.committees/viz/ContinuousDistributionofLungs/Home.Google Scholar
OPTN Lung Transplantation Committee. 2023a. Modify Lung Allocation by Blood Type: Public Comment Proposal. August 24. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/5xjpasun/lung_blood-type_special-pc-summer-2023.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Lung Transplantation Committee. 2023b. Lung Continuous Distribution Three Month Monitoring Report. July 13. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/fzhh1e5r/data_report_lung_committee_cd_07_13_2023.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Lung Transplantation Committee. 2021a. Public Comment Proposal: Establish Continuous Distribution of Lungs. August 3.Google Scholar
OPTN Lung Transplantation Committee. 2021b. Briefing to the OPTN Board of Directors: Establish Continuous Distribution for Lungs. December 6.Google Scholar
OPTN Lung Transplantation Committee. 2020. Update on the Continuous Distribution of Organs Project. August 4.Google Scholar
OPTN Minority Affairs and Kidney Transplantation Committee. 2022. Establish OPTN Requirement for Race-Neutral Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Calculations: Policy Proposal. January 27. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/f2qpujia/establish-optn-requirement-for-race-neutral-egfr-calculations_winter-2022-pc.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN National Data. n.d. www.srtr.org/reports/program-specific-reports/.Google Scholar
OPTN Operations and Safety Committee. 2023. Optimizing Usage of Kidney Offer Filters: Public Comment Proposal. January 19. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/kiwfhdf5/optmz-usge-of-kid-offer-filt-proposal_osc_pc-winter-2023.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Operations and Safety Committee. 2022. Optimizing Usage of Kidney Offer Filters: Concept Paper. August 3. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/ya0mlhgd/optmz-usge-of-kid-offer-filt-cncpt-ppr_osc_pc-summer-2022.pdf.Google Scholar
OPTN Pancreas/KP/Islets Tableau. n.d. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/optn.committees/viz/ContinuousDistributionofPancreasKidney-PancreasandPancreasIslets/Home.Google Scholar
OPTN Policy Oversight Committee. 2015. Report to the Board of Directors. December 1– 2. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1723/poc_boardreport_20151201.pdf.Google Scholar
Organ Donation Task Force. 2008. Organs for Transplants: A Report from the Organ Donation Taskforce. UK Department of Health. January. Gateway Reference 9291.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. Scales, Polycentricity, and Incentives: Designing Complexity to Govern Complexity. In Guruswamy, Lakshman D., ed., Protection of Global Biodiversity: Converging Strategies (Durhan, NC: Duke University Press), 149–167.Google Scholar
Page, Scott E. 2006. Path Dependence. Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1(1), 87–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papalexopoulos, Theodore, Alcorn, James, Bertsimas, Dimitris, Goff, Rebecca, Stewart, Darren, and Trichakis, Nikolaos. 2023. Reshaping National Organ Allocation Policy. Operations Research. Articles in advance. 2023, 1–12.Google Scholar
Papalexopoulos, Theodore P., Bertsimas, Dimitris, Cohen, I. Glenn, Goff, Rebecca R., Stewart, Darren E., and Trichakis, Nikolaos. 2022. Ethics-by-Design: Efficient, Fair and Inclusive Resource Allocation Using Machine Learning. Journal of Law and the Biosciences 9(1), 73–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, Madhukar S., Mohebali, Jahan, Coe, Taylor M., Sally, Mitchell, Groat, Tahnee, Niemann, Claus U., Malinoski, Darren J., and Vagefi, Parsia A.. 2020. The Role of Deceased Donor Liver Biopsy: An Analysis of 5449 Liver Transplant Recipients. Clinical Transplantation 34(5), 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perritt, Henry H. Jr 1986. Negotiated Rulemaking in Practice. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5(3), 482–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettigrew, Andrew M., Woodman, Richard W., and Cameron, Kim S.. 2001. Studying Organizational Change and Development: Challenges for Future Research. Academy of Management Journal 44(4), 697–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, Gene A., and McDonald, John C.. 1996. UNOS History. In Phillips, Michael G., ed., UNOS: Organ Procurement, Preservation and Distribution in Transplantation (Richmond, VA: United Network for Organ Sharing), 1–5.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2000. Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics. American Political Science Review 94(2), 251–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poggio, Emilio D., Augustine, Joshua J., Arrigain, Susana, Brennan, Daniel C., and Schold, Jesse D.. 2021. Long-Term Kidney Transplant Graft Survival—Making Progress when Most Needed. American Journal of Transplantation 21(8), 2824–2832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanyi, Michael. 1962. Tacit Knowing: Its Bearing on Some Problems in Philosophy. Philosophy Today 6(4), 239–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provan, Keith G., and Kenis, Patrick. 2008. Modes of Network Governance: Structure, Management, and Effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(2), 229–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puttarajappa, Chethan M., Hariharan, Sundaram, Zhang, Xingyu, Tevar, Amit, Mehta, Rajil, Gunabushanam, Vikraman, Sood, Puneet, Hoffman, William, and Mohan, Sumit. 2023. Early Effect of the Circular Model of Kidney Allocation in the United States. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 34(1), 26–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Railsback, Steven F., and Grimm, Volker. 2012. Agent-Based and Individual-Based Modeling (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Ramanathan, R., and Ganesh, L. S.. 1994. Group Preference Aggregation Methods Employed in AHP: An Evaluation and an Intrinsic Process for Deriving Members’ Weightages. European Journal of Operational Research 79(2), 249–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, Benjamin L. 2021. Problems and Possibilities of Comparison across Regime Types. In Simmons, Erica A. and Smith, Nicholas Rush, eds., Rethinking Comparison: Innovative Methods for Qualitative Political Inquiry (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 208–230.Google Scholar
Reddy, Vikrant, da Graca, Briget, Martinez, Eric, Ruiz, Richard, Asrani, Sumeet K., Testa, Giuliano, and Wall, Anji. 2022. Single-Center Analysis of Organ Offers and Workload for Liver and Kidney Allocation. American Journal of Transplantation 22(11), 2661–2667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redfield, Robert R., Scalea, Joseph R., Zens, Tiffany J., Mandelbrot, Didier A., Leverson, Glen, Kaufman, Dixon B., and Djamali, Arjang. 2016. The Mode of Sensitization and Its Influence on Allograft Outcomes in Highly Sensitized Kidney Transplant Recipients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 31(10), 1746–1753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rettig, Richard A. 1989. The Politics of Organ Transplantation: A Parable of Our Time. Journal of Health, Politics, Policy and Law 14(1), 191–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riker, William H. 1980. Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions. American Political Science Review 74(2), 432–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Nancy. 2000. Wicked Problems and Network Approaches to Resolution. International Public Management Review 1(1), 1–19.Google Scholar
Robinson, David G. 2022. Voices in the Code: A Story About People, Their Values, and the Algorithms They Made (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblatt, Russell, Lee, Hannah, Liapakis, AnnMarie, Lunsford, Keri E., Scott, Andrew, Sharma, Pratima, and Wilder, Julius. 2021. Equitable Access to Liver Transplant: Bridging the Gaps in the Social Determinants of Health. Hepatology 74(5), 2808–2812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rouzbehani, Roya. 2020. Let’s Collaborate But How: Discussing Collaboration Barriers and Opportunities in the Digital Era. Canadian Public Administration 63(4), 660–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryle, Gilbert. 1949. The Concept of Mind (London, UK: Hutchinson & Company).Google Scholar
Sackett, David L., and Rosenberg, William M. C.. 1995. On the Need for Evidence-Based Medicine. Journal of Public Health 17(3), 330–334.Google ScholarPubMed
Sarigil, Zeki. 2015. Showing the Path to Path Dependence: The Habitual Path. European Political Science Review 7(2), 221–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saaty, Thomas L. 1977. A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 15(3), 234–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sava, M. Gabriela, Vargas, Luis G., May, Jerrold H., and Dolan, James G.. 2020. An Analysis of the Sensitivity and Stability of Patients’ Preferences Can Lead to More Appropriate Medical Decisions. Annals of Operations Research 293(2), 863–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Katharina, Aumann, Ines, Hollander, Ines, Damm, Kathrin, and von der Schulenburg, J.-Matthias Graf. 2015. Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process in Healthcare Research: A Systematic Literature Review and Evaluation of Reporting. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 15(1), 1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrefler, Lorna. 2010. The Usage of Scientific Knowledge by Independent Regulatory Agencies. Governance 23(2), 309–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreyögg, Georg, and Sydow, Jörg. 2011. Organizational Path Dependence: A Process View. Organization Studies 32(3), 321–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreyögg, Georg, Sydow, Jörg, and Holtmann, Philip. 2011. How History Matters in Organisations: The Case of Path Dependence. Management & Organizational History 6(1), 81–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 2023a. KIPA2022_01 Allocation Simulation Analysis Report Addendum. January 4. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2medqdxo/kipa2022_01_analysisreport_addendum.pdf.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 2023b. KIPA2023_01 Allocation Simulation Analysis Report: Report for the Data Request from the OPTN Kidney and Pancreas Committees. July 11. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/o52pegrg/kipacd_2023_01_analysisreport_2023_07_17.pdf.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 2022. KIPA2022_01 Allocation Simulation Analysis Report: 4 Continuous Distribution Policy Scenarios. October 20. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/uveoty1q/srtr_kipacd2022_01_analysisreport_20221020.pdf.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 2021a. Continuous Distribution Simulations for Lung Transplant. February 12.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 2021b. Continuous Distribution Simulations for Lung Transplant: Round 2. May 28.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. n.d. a. Program Specific Reports. www.srtr.org/reports/program-specific-reports/.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. n.d. b. Simulated Allocation Models. www.srtr.org/requesting-srtr-data/simulated-allocation-models/.Google Scholar
Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. n.d. c. Risk Adjustment Models: Post Transplant Outcomes. www.srtr.org/tools/posttransplant-outcomes/.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Donna, and Jensen, Laura S.. 2021. Path Dependence and the Roots of Interorganizational Relationship Challenges. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance 4(1), 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selinger, Evan and Crease, Robert P., eds. 2006. The Philosophy of Expertise (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Sigounas, George. 2018. Letter to Sue Dunn, President OPTN from Administrator, Health Resources and Services Administration. July 31. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2583/hrsa_to_optn_organ_allocation_20180731.pdf.Google Scholar
Simmons, Erica A., and Smith, Nicholas Rush. 2021. Rethinking Comparison: Innovative Methods for Qualitative Political Inquiry (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Jon J., Salkowski, Nicholas, Wey, Andrew, Pyke, Joshua, Israni, Ajay K., and Kasiske, Bertram L.. 2018. Organ Distribution Without Geographic Boundaries: A Possible Framework for Organ Allocation. American Journal of Transplantation 18(11), 2635–2640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soss, Joe, and Schram, Sanford F.. 2007. A Public Transformed: Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback. American Political Science Review 101(1), 111–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, James E., Kreke, Jennifer E., Abdul Malek, Fawaz Ali, Schaefer, Andrew J., and Vacanti, Joseph. 2008. Consequences of Cold-Ischemia Time on Primary Nonfunction and Patient and Graft Survival in Liver Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis. PloS One 3(6), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staley, Kristina. 2015. “Is It Worth Doing?” Measuring the Impact of Patient and Public Involvement in Research. Research Involvement and Engagement 1(1), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinbrook, Robert. 2004. Science, Politics, and Federal Advisory Committees. New England Journal of Medicine 350(14), 1454–1460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, Darren, Hasz, Richard, and Lonze, Bonnie. 2023. Beyond Donation to Organ Utilization in the USA. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 28(3), 197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, Darren, Tanriover, Bekir, and Gupta, Gaurav. 2022. Oversimplification and Misplaced Blame Will Not Solve the Complex Kidney Underutilization Problem. Kidney360 3(12), 2143–2147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, Darren E., Wood, Dallas W., Alcorn, James B., Lease, Erika D., Hayes, Michael, Hauber, Brett, and Goff, Rebecca E.. 2021. A Revealed Preference Analysis to Develop Composite Scores Approximating Lung Allocation Policy in the US. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 21(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, Deborah. 2020. Counting: How We Use Numbers to Decide What Matters (New York, NY: Liveright Publishing Company).Google Scholar
Stouten, Jeroen, Rousseau, Denise M., and De Cremer, David. 2018. Successful Organizational Change: Integrating the Management Practice and Scholarly Literatures. Academy of Management Annals 12(2), 752–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratta, Robert J. 2022. Kidney Utility and Futility. Clinical Transplantation 36(2), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuessy, Meghan M. 2016. Federal Advisory Committees: An Introduction and Overview. Congressional Research Service R44253, 1–23.Google Scholar
Sydow, Jörg, Schreyögg, Georg, and Koch, Jochen. 2009. Organizational Path Dependence: Opening the Black Box. Academy of Management Review 34(4), 689–709.Google Scholar
Tacke, Frank, Kroy, Daniela C., Barreiros, Ana Paula, and Neumann, Ulf P.. 2016. Liver Transplantation in Germany. Liver Transplantation 22(8), 1136–1142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taherkhani, Nasrin, Sepehri, Mohammad Mehdi, Shafaghi, Shadi, and Khatibi, Toktam. 2019. Identification and Weighting of Kidney Allocation Criteria: A Novel Multi-Expert Fuzzy Method. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 19(1), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tambur, Anat R., Kosmoliaptsis, Vasilis, Claas, Frans H. J., Mannon, Roslyn B., Nickerson, Peter, and Naesens, Maarten. 2021. Significance of HLA-DQ in Kidney Transplantation: Time to Reevaluate Human Leukocyte Antigen–Matching Priorities to Improve Transplant Outcomes? An Expert Review and Recommendations. Kidney International 100(5), 1012–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Task Force on Organ Allocation. 1986. Organ Transplantation: Issues and Recommendations (Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services).Google Scholar
Termeer, Catrien J. A. M., and Dewulf, Art. 2019. A Small Wins Framework to Overcome the Evaluation Paradox of Governing Wicked Problems. Policy and Society 38(2), 298–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodoropoulos, Nicole M., Greenwald, Melissa A., Chin-Hong, Peter, and Ison, Michael G.. 2021. Testing Deceased Organ Donors for Infections: An Organ Procurement Organization Survey. American Journal of Transplantation 21(5), 1924–1930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Adam. 2012. Three Strategies to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31(2), 280–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Craig W., Bradley Soule, A., and Davis, Tyler Blake. 2010. Special Interest Capture of Regulatory Agencies: A Ten‐Year Analysis of Voting Behavior on Regional Fishery Management Councils. Policy Studies Journal 38(3), 447–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoracic Organ Transplantation Committee. 2019. “Continuous Distribution of Lungs.” August 2.Google Scholar
Tomblin, David, Worthington, Richard, Gano, Gretchen, Farooque, Mahmud, Sittenfeld, David, and Lloyd, Jason. 2015. Informing NASA’s Asteroid Initiative: A Citizen’s Forum. Final Results Report. https://ecastnetwork.fileswordpress.com/2015/09/nasa-asteroid-initiative-citizen-forumfull-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Torfing, Jacob. 2019. Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector: The Argument. Public Management Review 21(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnhout, Esther, Tuinstra, Willemijn, and Halffman, Willem. 2019. Environmental Expertise: Connecting Science, Policy, and Society (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2024. Medicare Program; Alternative Payment Model Updates and the Increasing Organ Transplant Access (IOTA) Model. Federal Register 89(97), 43518–43634.Google Scholar
US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2020. Medicare and Medicaid Programs; Organ Procurement Organizations Conditions for Coverage: Revisions to the Outcome Measure Requirements for Organ Procurement Organizations. Federal Register 85(232), 77898–77949.Google Scholar
US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2019. Medicare and Medicaid Programs; Organ Procurement Organizations Conditions for Coverage: Revisions to the Outcome Measure Requirements for Organ Procurement Organization. Federal Register 84(246), 70268–70710.Google Scholar
US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2006. Medicare and Medicaid Programs; Conditions for Coverage for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs). Federal Register 71(104), 30982–31054.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2012. Advisory Committee on Transplantation. Recommendation 55. www.hrsa.gov/advisory-committees/organ-transplantation/recommendations/55-annotated.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. Advisory Committee on Transplantation Recommendation 51. www.hrsa.gov/advisory-committees/organ-transplantation/recommendations/51.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2000a. Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Federal Register October 20, 56650–56661.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2000b. Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Federal Register March 22, 15252.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Federal Register October 20, 56650–56661.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 1998. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Federal Register April 2, 16296–16338.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. Organ Procurement and Transportation (sic) Network. Federal Register November 13, 58158–58160.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Federal Register September 8, 46482–46499.Google Scholar
US Department of Transportation. 2018. Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Traveling by Air with Service Animals. Federal Register 83(100), 23832–23842.Google Scholar
US Senate Finance Committee. 2023. Subcommittee on Health Care Hearing, The Cost of Inaction and the Urgent Need to Reform the U.S. Transplant System. July 20. www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/the-cost-of-inaction-and-the-urgent-need-to-reform-the-us-transplant-system.Google Scholar
Vagefi, Parsia A., Bertsimas, Dimitris, Hirose, Ryutaro, and Trichakis, Nikolaos. 2020. The Rise and Fall of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score and the Need for an Optimized Machine Learning Approach for Liver Allocation. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 25(2), 122–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaidya, Omkarprasad S., and Kumar, Sushil. 2006. Analytic Hierarchy Process: An Overview of Applications. European Journal of Operational Research 169(1), 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Voet, Joris, Kuipers, Ben S., and Groeneveld, Sandra. 2016. Implementing Change in Public Organizations: The Relationship between Leadership and Affective Commitment to Change in a Public Sector Context. Public Management Review 18(6), 842–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanWagner, Lisa B., and Skaro, Anton I.. 2013. Program-Specific Reports: Implications and Impact on Program Behavior. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 18(2). 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Oord, Steven, Kenis, Patrick, Raab, Jörg, and Cambré, Bart. 2023. Modes of Network Governance Revisited: Assessing Their Prevalence, Promises, and Limitations in the Literature. Public Administration Review 83(6), 1564–1598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veale, Michael, Matus, Kira, and Gorwa, Robert. 2023. AI and Global Governance: Modalities, Rationales, Tensions. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 19, 255–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vining, Aidan R. 2011. Public Agency External Analysis Using a Modified “Five Forces” Framework. International Public Management Journal 14(1), 63–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vining, Aidan R., and Weimer, David L.. 1990. Government Supply and Government Production Failure: A Framework Based on Contestability. Journal of Public Policy 10(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volk, Michael L., Goodrich, Nathan, Lai, Jennifer C., Sonnenday, Christopher, and Shedden, Kerby. 2015. Decision Support for Organ Offers in Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplantation 21(6), 784–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahid, Nabeel A., Rosenblatt, Russell, and Brown, Robert S. Jr. 2021. A Review of the Current State of Liver Transplantation Disparities. Liver Transplantation 27(3), 434–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wall, Anji E., da Graca, Briget, Asrani, Sumeet K., Ruiz, Richard, Fernandez, Hoylan, Gupta, Amar, Martinez, Eric et al. 2021. Cost Analysis of Liver Acquisition Fees Before and After Acuity Circle Policy Implementation. JAMA Surgery 156(1), 1051–1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Angelina, Kapoor, Sayash, Barocas, Solon, and Narayanan, Arvind. 2023. Against Predictive Optimization: On the Legitimacy of Decision-Making Algorithms that Optimize Predictive Accuracy. ACM Journal of Responsible Computing (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Christopher J. E., Johnson, Rachel J., and Mumford, Lisa. 2020. Overview of the Evolution of the UK Kidney Allocation Schemes. Current Transplantation Reports 7(2), 140–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wehr, Elizabeth. 1984. System Manipulated to Get Transplants for Kids. CQ Weekly. February 25, 453–458.Google Scholar
Weick, Karl E. 1984. Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems. American Psychologist 39(1), 40–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weill, David. 2016. Access to Lung Transplantation. The Long and Short of It. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 193(6), 605–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, David L. 2018. Policy Analysis in the United States. In Hird, John A., ed., Policy Analysis in the United States (Bristol, UK: Policy Press), 9–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, David L. 2010a. Medical Governance: Values, Expertise, and Interests in Organ Transplantation (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press).Google Scholar
Weimer, David L. 2010b. Stakeholder Governance of Organ Transplantation: A Desirable Model for Inducing Evidence‐based Medicine? Regulation & Governance 4(3), 281–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, David L. 2007. Public and Private Regulation of Organ Transplantation: Liver Allocation and the Final Rule. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 32(1), 9–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weimer, David L. 2006. The Puzzle of Private Rulemaking: Expertise, Flexibility, and Blame Avoidance in US Regulation. Public Administration Review 66(2), 569–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, David L. 1980. Federal Intervention in the Process of Innovation in Local Public Agencies: A Focus on Organizational Incentives. Public Policy 28(1), 83–116.Google Scholar
Weimer, David L., and Sager, Mark A.. 2009. Early Identification and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Social and Fiscal Outcomes. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 5(3), 215–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weimer, David L., and Wilk, Laura. 2019. Allocation of Indivisible Life-Saving Goods with Both Intrinsic and Relational Quality: The New Deceased-Donor Kidney Allocation System. Administration & Society 51(1), 140–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, David L., and Vining, Aidan R.. 2017. Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice 6th ed. (New York, NY: Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, David L., and Vining, Aidan R.. 1989. Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice 1st ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall).Google Scholar
Weiss, Samantha, Weibel, Chelsea, and Mupfudze, Tatenda. 2023. Lung Continuous Distribution Three Month Monitoring Report. UNOS Research Department. July 13.Google Scholar
Wilsford, David. 1994. Path Dependency, or Why History Makes It Difficult But Not Impossible to Reform Health Care Systems in a Big Way. Journal of Public Policy 14(3), 251–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, Hannah J. 2017. Negotiated Rulemaking and New Risks: A Rail Safety Case Study. Wake Forest Journal of Law & Policy 7(1), 207–273.Google Scholar
Wood, Nicholas L., VanDerwerken, Douglas N., Segev, Dorry L., and Gentry, Sommer E.. 2022. Increased Logistical Burden in Circle-Based Kidney Allocation. Transplantation 106(10), 1885–1887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, Nicholas L., Kernodle, Amber B., Hartley, Andrew J., Segev, Dorry L., and Gentry, Sommer E.. 2021a. Heterogeneous Circles for Liver Allocation. Hepatology 74(1), 312–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, Nicholas L., VanDerwerken, Douglas, Segev, Dorry L., and Gentry, Sommer E.. 2021b. Correcting the Sex Disparity in MELD-Na. American Journal of Transplantation 21(10), 3296–3304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, Linda S. 2016. The New Kidney Allocation System: The First 18 Months. Nephrology Nursing Journal 43(6), 527–535.Google ScholarPubMed
Yackee, Susan Webb. 2013. Assessing Regulatory Participation by Health Professionals: A Study of State Health Rulemaking. Public Administration Review 73(s1), S105–S114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: Inaccessible, or known limited accessibility

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book is known to have missing or limited accessibility features. We may be reviewing its accessibility for future improvement, but final compliance is not yet assured and may be subject to legal exceptions. If you have any questions, please contact accessibility@cambridge.org.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.
Visualised data also available as non-graphical data
You can access graphs or charts in a text or tabular format, so you are not excluded if you cannot process visual displays.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • David L. Weimer, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: Negotiating Values
  • Online publication: 30 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009687744.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • David L. Weimer, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: Negotiating Values
  • Online publication: 30 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009687744.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • David L. Weimer, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: Negotiating Values
  • Online publication: 30 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009687744.011
Available formats
×